Is selenium intake associated with the presence of depressive symptoms among US adults? Findings from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014.

This study aimed to examine the cross-sectional association between dietary and serum selenium measures and depressive symptoms among a nationally representative sample of US adults. Dietary selenium intake and serum selenium concentration were evaluated on 7725 adult participants from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. Participants' selenium intake, assessed by 24-h recall, was classified based on the recommended dietary allowance (dietary selenium intake ≥ 55 μg/d) and estimated average requirement (dietary selenium intake ≥ 45 μg/d) criteria. Serum selenium and depressive symptoms were assessed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and a patient health questionnaire or use of an antidepressant, respectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression, accounting for the complex survey design of NHANES, were employed to estimate the cross-sectional association between measures of selenium and the presence of depressive symptoms. The median selenium concentration was 193.9 µg/L (interquartile range = 179.3-209.3). Approximately 8% of the participants met the case definition for depressive symptoms. Based on the recommended dietary allowance of selenium, participants not meeting the recommended dietary intake, compared with those meeting the requirement, had higher odds of depressive symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-2.38). When analyzing by quintile of dietary selenium intakes, compared with the first quintile, participants in higher quintiles had significantly lower odds of depressive symptoms. However, based on quintiles of serum selenium and using the first quintile as referent category, except for quintile 3, results indicated a higher but not significant association (quintile 2 [OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.73-1.61], quintile 4 [OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 0.89-1.55], and quintile 5 [OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 0.83-1.58]). Power analysis indicated sufficient power. Notably, study participants had a very high serum selenium concentration. The findings, although not significant, between serum selenium concentrations and depressive symptoms had a U-shaped association, supported by the current literature. Our study supports an inverse association between participants recommended dietary intake of selenium and depressive symptoms. Although results were not statistically significant for the association by quartile of serum selenium concentrations and depressive symptoms, a U-shaped association was identified.

Ghimire S ，Baral BK ，Feng D ，Sy FS ，Rodriguez R ... -  《-》

Association of total zinc, iron, copper and selenium intakes with depression in the US adults.

The aim of present study was to examine the associations of total zinc, iron, copper and selenium intakes from diet and supplements with depression. Cross-sectional study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2014 in the present study. Logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline models were applied to examine the associations of total zinc, iron, copper and selenium intakes with depression. A total of 14834 adults aged 18 years or older (7399 men and 7435 women) were included in the present study. Total zinc, iron, copper and selenium intakes were inversely associated with depression in unadjusted model and age- and gender-adjusted model. The multivariate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of depression were 0.68 (0.49-0.94) and 0.46 (0.32-0.67) for the highest versus lowest quartile of copper and selenium intakes, respectively. The inverse associations of depression were statistically significant for the quartile 3 versus lowest quartile of total zinc (OR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.49-0.99) and iron intake (OR: 0.66 95% CI: 0.50-0.87). Compared to those below the RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance), participants who met the RDA for zinc (OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.56-0.99), copper (OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.56-0.82) and selenium (OR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.71) had significantly lower odds of depression. This was a cross-sectional study, limiting causal inferences. Assessment of depression was based on a self- report scale. Total zinc, iron, copper and selenium intakes may be inversely associated with depression.

Li Z ，Wang W ，Xin X ，Song X ，Zhang D ... -  《-》

Association of dietary and serum selenium concentrations with glucose level and risk of diabetes mellitus: A cross sectional study of national health and nutrition examination survey, 1999-2006.

The associations among dietary selenium intake, serum selenium concentration, plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, and diabetes risk remain controversial. This study aimed to evaluate these associations in adults from the United States. We conducted a cross-sectional study of participants aged 18 years and older who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Between 1999 and 2006, a total of 41,474 participants were initially included in this study. Multivariable linear or logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between dietary selenium intake and serum selenium concentrations, glucose level, and diabetes risk. The average age of the participants was 30.32 ± 23.95 years, and 48.72 % were men. Their mean dietary selenium intake and mean serum selenium concentration were 98 ± 55 μg per day and 129 ± 22 ng/mL, respectively. Compared with t he lowest quartile of dietary selenium intake, the highest quartile was associated with elevated plasma glucose levels (β = 2.412, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.420, 4.403, P = 0.018), glycosylated hemoglobin levels (β = 0.080, 95 % CI: 0.041, 0.119, P < 0.001), and diabetes risk (odds ratio [OR] = 2.139, 95 % CI: 1.763, 2.596, P < 0.001). Higher serum selenium was also associated with increased plasma glucose levels (β = 12.454, 95 % CI: 4.122, 20.786, P = 0.003) and glycosylated hemoglobin levels (β = 0.326, 95 % CI: 0.187, 0.465, P < 0.001). A generalized additive model with a spline curve suggested a nonlinear relationship between dietary selenium intake, serum selenium and glucose levels, and diabetes risk. Dietary selenium intake and serum selenium were positively associated with elevated levels of plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin, and the relationships were nonlinear. Additional selenium supplementation for patients with diabetes may not be recommended.

Lin J ，Shen T 《-》

Association of selenium intake with bone mineral density and osteoporosis: the national health and nutrition examination survey.

Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic metabolic skeletal disorder characterized by a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) and an increase in the risk of fracture. The level of selenium (Se) in serum is associated with BMD. However, the relationship between dietary and total selenium intake and parameters such as osteoporosis and BMD is unclear. By conducting National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (NHANES), in this study, we assessed the association of Se intake with BMD and the risk of OP among general middle-aged and elderly people. The data were collected from three cycles of NHANES [2009-2010, 2013-2014, and 2017-2020]. Information on the dietary and supplementary Se intake was obtained from 24-h dietary recall interviews. Additionally, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed to measure BMD, which was later transformed into T-scores; OP was diagnosed when the T-score was ≤ -2.5. We constructed a logistic regression model for the association between selenium intake and the risk of OP based on the estimated odds ratios (ORs) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We also constructed a multivariable linear regression model to analyze the relationship between selenium intake and BMD. In this study, 3,250 individuals (average age: 60.01 ± 10.09 years; 51.88% females) participated. The incidence of OP was 9.35% (3.30% for males and 17.75% for females). In the logistic regression model adjusted for every interested covariate, a higher quartile of dietary Se intake (OR for quartile 4 vs. quartile 1: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.41-0.96; P for trend = 0.027) was related to a lower risk of OP relative to the lowest quartile. The total selenium intake also exhibited a consistent trend (OR for quartile 4 vs. quartile 1: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.44-1.01; P for trend = 0.049). The results of the adjusted multivariate linear regression model showed that the participants with the highest quartile of dietary Se intake (Q4) had higher BMD in the total femur (β = 0.069, P = 0.001; P for trend = 0.001), femoral neck (β = 0.064, P = 0.001; P for trend = 0.001), and total spine (β = 0.030, P = 0.136; P for trend = 0.064) compared to those in quintile 1 (Q1). A similar trend of associations was observed for the total selenium intake with BMD, which was more prominent among females, as determined by the subgroup analysis. In this study, the dietary intake and total intake of selenium were positively associated with BMD, whereas they were negatively associated with the risk of OP among adults in the US. Further studies are required to verify our results and elucidate the associated biological mechanism.

Peng S ，Zhang G ，Wang D 《Frontiers in Endocrinology》

Serum selenium and serum lipids in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004.

High selenium has been recently associated with several cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors including diabetes, blood pressure and lipid levels. We evaluated the association of serum selenium with fasting serum lipid levels in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004, the most recently available representative sample of the US population that measured selenium levels. Cross-sectional analysis of 1159 adults>or=40 years old from NHANES 2003-2004. Serum selenium was measured by inductively coupled plasma-dynamic reaction cell-mass spectrometry. Fasting serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol were measured enzymatically and LDL cholesterol was calculated. Mean serum selenium was 136.7 microg/L. The multivariable adjusted average differences (95% confidence interval) comparing the highest (>or=147 microg/L) to the lowest (<124 microg/L) selenium quartiles were 18.9 (9.9, 28.0) mg/dL for total cholesterol, 12.7 (3.3, 22.2) mg/dL for LDL cholesterol, 3.9 (0.4, 7.5)mg/dL for HDL cholesterol, and 11.5 (-7.6, 30.7) mg/dL for triglycerides. In spline regression models, total and LDL cholesterol levels increased progressively with increasing selenium concentrations. HDL cholesterol increased with selenium but reached a plateau above 120 microg/L of serum selenium (20th percentile). The triglyceride-selenium relationship was U-shaped. In US adults, high serum selenium concentrations were associated with increased serum concentrations of total and LDL cholesterol. Selenium was associated with increasing HDL cholesterol only at low selenium levels. Given increasing trends in dietary selenium intake and supplementation, the causal mechanisms underlying these associations need to be fully characterized.

Laclaustra M ，Stranges S ，Navas-Acien A ，Ordovas JM ，Guallar E ... -  《-》