Three-Dimensional Multi-Task Deep Learning Model to Detect Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy and Myopic Features From Optical Coherence Tomography Scans: A Retrospective Multi-Centre Study.

We aim to develop a multi-task three-dimensional (3D) deep learning (DL) model to detect glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) and myopic features (MF) simultaneously from spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) volumetric scans. Each volumetric scan was labelled as GON according to the criteria of retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thinning, with a structural defect that correlated in position with the visual field defect (i.e., reference standard). MF were graded by the SDOCT en face images, defined as presence of peripapillary atrophy (PPA), optic disc tilting, or fundus tessellation. The multi-task DL model was developed by ResNet with output of Yes/No GON and Yes/No MF. SDOCT scans were collected in a tertiary eye hospital (Hong Kong SAR, China) for training (80%), tuning (10%), and internal validation (10%). External testing was performed on five independent datasets from eye centres in Hong Kong, the United States, and Singapore, respectively. For GON detection, we compared the model to the average RNFL thickness measurement generated from the SDOCT device. To investigate whether MF can affect the model's performance on GON detection, we conducted subgroup analyses in groups stratified by Yes/No MF. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were reported. A total of 8,151 SDOCT volumetric scans from 3,609 eyes were collected. For detecting GON, in the internal validation, the proposed 3D model had significantly higher AUROC (0.949 vs. 0.913, p < 0.001) than average RNFL thickness in discriminating GON from normal. In the external testing, the two approaches had comparable performance. In the subgroup analysis, the multi-task DL model performed significantly better in the group of "no MF" (0.883 vs. 0.965, p-value < 0.001) in one external testing dataset, but no significant difference in internal validation and other external testing datasets. The multi-task DL model's performance to detect MF was also generalizable in all datasets, with the AUROC values ranging from 0.855 to 0.896. The proposed multi-task 3D DL model demonstrated high generalizability in all the datasets and the presence of MF did not affect the accuracy of GON detection generally.

Ran AR ，Wang X ，Chan PP ，Chan NC ，Yip W ，Young AL ，Wong MOM ，Yung HW ，Chang RT ，Mannil SS ，Tham YC ，Cheng CY ，Chen H ，Li F ，Zhang X ，Heng PA ，Tham CC ，Cheung CY ... -  《Frontiers in Medicine》

Detection of glaucomatous optic neuropathy with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: a retrospective training and validation deep-learning analysis.

Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) can be used to detect glaucomatous optic neuropathy, but human expertise in interpretation of SDOCT is limited. We aimed to develop and validate a three-dimensional (3D) deep-learning system using SDOCT volumes to detect glaucomatous optic neuropathy. We retrospectively collected a dataset including 4877 SDOCT volumes of optic disc cube for training (60%), testing (20%), and primary validation (20%) from electronic medical and research records at the Chinese University of Hong Kong Eye Centre (Hong Kong, China) and the Hong Kong Eye Hospital (Hong Kong, China). Residual network was used to build the 3D deep-learning system. Three independent datasets (two from Hong Kong and one from Stanford, CA, USA), including 546, 267, and 1231 SDOCT volumes, respectively, were used for external validation of the deep-learning system. Volumes were labelled as having or not having glaucomatous optic neuropathy according to the criteria of retinal nerve fibre layer thinning on reliable SDOCT images with position-correlated visual field defect. Heatmaps were generated for qualitative assessments. 6921 SDOCT volumes from 1 384 200 two-dimensional cross-sectional scans were studied. The 3D deep-learning system had an area under the receiver operation characteristics curve (AUROC) of 0·969 (95% CI 0·960-0·976), sensitivity of 89% (95% CI 83-93), specificity of 96% (92-99), and accuracy of 91% (89-93) in the primary validation, outperforming a two-dimensional deep-learning system that was trained on en face fundus images (AUROC 0·921 [0·905-0·937]; p<0·0001). The 3D deep-learning system performed similarly in the external validation datasets, with AUROCs of 0·893-0·897, sensitivities of 78-90%, specificities of 79-86%, and accuracies of 80-86%. The heatmaps of glaucomatous optic neuropathy showed that the learned features by the 3D deep-learning system used for detection of glaucomatous optic neuropathy were similar to those used by clinicians. The proposed 3D deep-learning system performed well in detection of glaucomatous optic neuropathy in both primary and external validations. Further prospective studies are needed to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness of incorporation of an artificial intelligence-based model for glaucoma screening. Hong Kong Research Grants Council.

Ran AR ，Cheung CY ，Wang X ，Chen H ，Luo LY ，Chan PP ，Wong MOM ，Chang RT ，Mannil SS ，Young AL ，Yung HW ，Pang CP ，Heng PA ，Tham CC ... -  《The Lancet Digital Health》

Deep learning-based automated detection of glaucomatous optic neuropathy on color fundus photographs.

Li F ，Yan L ，Wang Y ，Shi J ，Chen H ，Zhang X ，Jiang M ，Wu Z ，Zhou K ... -  《-》

Deep Learning for Glaucoma Detection and Identification of Novel Diagnostic Areas in Diverse Real-World Datasets.

Noury E ，Mannil SS ，Chang RT ，Ran AR ，Cheung CY ，Thapa SS ，Rao HL ，Dasari S ，Riyazuddin M ，Chang D ，Nagaraj S ，Tham CC ，Zadeh R ... -  《Translational Vision Science & Technology》

Multimodal Machine Learning Using Visual Fields and Peripapillary Circular OCT Scans in Detection of Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy.

To develop and validate a multimodal artificial intelligence algorithm, FusionNet, using the pattern deviation probability plots from visual field (VF) reports and circular peripapillary OCT scans to detect glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON). Cross-sectional study. Two thousand four hundred sixty-three pairs of VF and OCT images from 1083 patients. FusionNet based on bimodal input of VF and OCT paired data was developed to detect GON. Visual field data were collected using the Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA). OCT images were collected from 3 types of devices (DRI-OCT, Cirrus OCT, and Spectralis). Two thousand four hundred sixty-three pairs of VF and OCT images were divided into 4 datasets: 1567 for training (HFA and DRI-OCT), 441 for primary validation (HFA and DRI-OCT), 255 for the internal test (HFA and Cirrus OCT), and 200 for the external test set (HFA and Spectralis). GON was defined as retinal nerve fiber layer thinning with corresponding VF defects. Diagnostic performance of FusionNet compared with that of VFNet (with VF data as input) and OCTNet (with OCT data as input). FusionNet achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.950 (0.931-0.968) and outperformed VFNet (AUC, 0.868 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.834-0.902]), OCTNet (AUC, 0.809 [95% CI, 0.768-0.850]), and 2 glaucoma specialists (glaucoma specialist 1: AUC, 0.882 [95% CI, 0.847-0.917]; glaucoma specialist 2: AUC, 0.883 [95% CI, 0.849-0.918]) in the primary validation set. In the internal and external test sets, the performances of FusionNet were also superior to VFNet and OCTNet (FusionNet vs VFNet vs OCTNet: internal test set 0.917 vs 0.854 vs 0.811; external test set 0.873 vs 0.772 vs 0.785). No significant difference was found between the 2 glaucoma specialists and FusionNet in the internal and external test sets, except for glaucoma specialist 2 (AUC, 0.858 [95% CI, 0.805-0.912]) in the internal test set. FusionNet, developed using paired VF and OCT data, demonstrated superior performance to both VFNet and OCTNet in detecting GON, suggesting that multimodal machine learning models are valuable in detecting GON.

Xiong J ，Li F ，Song D ，Tang G ，He J ，Gao K ，Zhang H ，Cheng W ，Song Y ，Lin F ，Hu K ，Wang P ，Olivia Li JP ，Aung T ，Qiao Y ，Zhang X ，Ting D ... -  《-》