Urine biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus with or without microvascular complications.

To investigate the distribution of nine (9) urine biomarkers in people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with or without microvascular complications. In total, 407 people with T2DM were enrolled from 2021 to 2022. According to diabetic retinopathy (DR) and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR), the 407 people were divided into four (4) groups, DR(-)UACR(-), DR(+)UACR(-), DR(-)UACR(+), and DR( + )UACR(+). In addition, 112 healthy volunteers were enrolled during the same period. The nine (9) urine markers included α1-microglobulin (u-α1MG), immunoglobulin G (u-IgG), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipid carrier protein (u-NGAL), cystatin C (u-CysC), retinol-binding protein (u-RBP), β2-microglobulin (u-β2MG), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (u-NAG), transferrin (u-Trf), and collagen type IV (u-Col). For each marker, the respective level of 97.5 percentile in healthy volunteers was taken as an upper reference limit. Among the 407 people, 248 individuals (61%) were DR(-)UACR(-), 100 (25%) were DR(-)UACR(+), 37 (9%) were DR(+)UACR(-), and 22 (5%) were DR(+)UACR(+). The u-NAG/Cr biomarker level showed a significant difference between healthy participants and people with T2DM. In the DR(-)UACR(-)group, u-Trf/Cr showed the highest positive rate (21.37%), followed by u-IgG/Cr (14.52%); u-NAG/Cr (10.48%); u-β2MG/Cr (4.44%); u-CysC/Cr (4.03%); u-NGAL/Cr (4.03%); u-RBP/Cr (2.82%); u-α1MG/Cr (2.42%); 17.34% of people with T2DM showed multiple biomarkers positive (≥2 biomarkers). The positive rates of one biomarker (21.33%) and two biomarkers (18.67%) in people who have less than five (5) years of T2DM were almost close to those of the DR(-)UACR(-) group (21.37%, and 12.10%, respectively). Renal tubule biomarkers may be used as an indicator in the early detection and monitoring of renal injury in diabetes mellitus. The u-NAG biomarker should be measured for the people with T2DM of the first-time diagnosis.

Zhang C ，Liu T ，Wang X ，Yang J ，Qin D ，Liang Y ，Wang X ... -  《Nutrition & Diabetes》

Urinary RBP and NGAL Levels are Associated with Nephropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

The diagnosis of type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN) patients is important to prevent the long-term damaging effects of kidney loss in patients with diabetes and is decisive for patient outcomes. The aim of this study was to explore urine retinol binding protein (RBP) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in T2DN patients with and without albuminuria. A total of 293 T2DN patients were divided into three groups according to their urine albumin/urine creatinine ratio (UACR): normoalbuminuria group (UACR<30 mg/g, n=100), microalbuminuria group (UACR 30-300 mg/g, n=100) and macroalbuminuria group (UACR>300 mg/g, n=93); 50 non-diabetic subjects were recruited as the control group. The levels of urine RBP, NGAL, TNF-α and IL-18 in T2DN patients and non-diabetic subjects were measured using ELISA assays. We first analyzed the clinical characteristics of the control and T2DN groups and found that urine NGAL, RBP, TNF-α and IL-18 levels were significantly increased and significantly correlated with the degree of albuminuria. In addition, univariate linear regression analysis showed that urine RBP was associated with UACR, BMI, Scr, BUN, TG, disease duration, SBP, NGAL, TNF-α and IL-18 levels, and urine NGAL was positively correlated with UACR, Scr, BUN, RBP, TNF-α and IL-18 levels. The results indicate that urine levels of NGAL and RBP may be independently associated with albuminuria in T2DN and may serve as novel biomarkers for the identification of T2DN.

Wu J ，Shao X ，Lu K ，Zhou J ，Ren M ，Xie X ，Liu J ，Xu Y ，Ding Y ，Shen X ，Zhu C ... -  《-》

Markers of Glomerular and Tubular Damage in the Early Stage of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Patients.

Żyłka A ，Dumnicka P ，Kuśnierz-Cabala B ，Gala-Błądzińska A ，Ceranowicz P ，Kucharz J ，Ząbek-Adamska A ，Maziarz B ，Drożdż R ，Kuźniewski M ... -  《-》

Urinary tubular biomarkers in short-term type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a cross-sectional study.

Fu WJ ，Xiong SL ，Fang YG ，Wen S ，Chen ML ，Deng RT ，Zheng L ，Wang SB ，Pen LF ，Wang Q ... -  《-》

Performance of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, clusterin, and cystatin C in predicting diabetic kidney disease and diabetic microalbuminuria: a consecutive cohort study.

Zeng XF ，Lu DX ，Li JM ，Tan Y ，Li Z ，Zhou L ，Xi ZQ ，Zhang SM ，Duan W ... -  《BMC Nephrology》