Plastic-related endocrine disrupting chemicals significantly related to the increased risk of estrogen-dependent diseases in women.

To evaluate the association between exposure to plastic-related endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), specifically Bisphenol A (BPA), Phthalates, Cadmium, and Lead, and the risk of estrogen-dependent diseases (EDDs) such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, or endometrial cancer by conducting a meta-analysis of relevant studies. PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were used for literature retrieval of articles published until the 21st of April 2023. Literature that evaluated the association between BPA, phthalates, cadmium, and/or lead exposure and the risk of PCOS, endometriosis, or endometrial cancer development or exacerbation were included in our analysis. STATA/MP 17.0 was used for all statistical analyses. Overall, 22 articles were included in our meta-analysis with a total of 83,641 subjects all of whom were females aged between 18 and 83 years old. The overall effect size of each study was as follows: endometriosis risk in relation to BPA exposure ES 1.82 (95% CI; 1.50, 2.20). BPA and PCOS risk ES 1.61 (95% CI; 1.39, 1.85). Phthalate metabolites and endometriosis risk; MBP ES 1.07 (95% CI; 0.86, 1.33), MEP ES 1.05 (95% CI; 0.87, 1.28), MEHP ES 1.15 (95% CI; 0.67, 1.98), MBzP ES 0.97 (95% CI; 0.63, 1.49), MEOHP ES 1.87 (95% CI; 1.21, 2.87), and MEHHP ES 1.98 (95% CI; 1.32, 2.98). Cadmium exposure and endometrial cancer risk ES 1.14 (95% CI; 0.92, 1.41). Cadmium exposure and the risk of endometriosis ES 2.54 (95% CI; 1.71, 3.77). Lead exposure and the risk of endometriosis ES 1.74 (95% CI; 1.13, 2.69). Increased serum, urinary, or dietary concentration of MBzP and MEHP in women is significantly associated with endometriosis risk. Increased cadmium concentration is associated with endometrial cancer risk.

Chitakwa N ，Alqudaimi M ，Sultan M ，Wu D ... -  《-》

Study of possible association between endometriosis and phthalate and bisphenol A by biomarkers analysis.

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are substances that may interfere with the actions of endogenous hormones and may be associated with estrogen-related diseases such as endometriosis. This paper describes a case-control study to evaluate the relationship between endometriosis and phthalates and BPA exposure, through biomarkers analysis in urine. The biomarkers of exposure analyzed were metabolites mono-methyl phthalate, mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-butyl phthalate, mono-cyclohexyl phthalate, mono-(ethylhexyl) phthalate, mono-isononyl phthalate, mono-octyl phthalate (MOP), mono-benzyl phthalate and BPA. Urine samples were collected from women aged 18-45 years old. The Study group (n = 30) and Control group (n = 22) were composed of women using as criteria confirmation of endometriosis by videolaparoscopy surgery with histological diagnosis and the absence of the disease, respectively. The analytical method used liquid phase microextraction with determination by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The concentrations of biomarkers were adjusted by the creatinine concentration in urine samples of the two groups. The values obtained for the Study Group were compared with the values obtained for the Control Group. The chi-square test and Odds Ratio were used to compare dichotomized phthalate metabolites and BPA metabolite by endometriosis. All nine metabolites were found in different concentrations in the urine samples in both groups The phthalate metabolites that had the highest concentrations, were MOP and MiBP, in which the values of 670 μg g-1 and 560 μg g-1, respectively. The relationship between endometriosis and the all grouped metabolites was evaluated, but was not statistically significant with a 95% CI [X2 (df = 1) = 1.471; p = 0.225]. However, odds ratio (95% confidence interval - CI) for MiBP, which was found at relatively high concentrations in the samples, by endometriosis was 1.929 (0.507-7.332). The food habits and gynecologic history were evaluated and no difference was found between groups. Although no evidences of causal link was found, this study contributes to show that other analysis must be done for evaluating the association between endometriosis and compounds suspected of being EDC.

Moreira Fernandez MA ，Cardeal ZL ，Carneiro MM ，André LC ... -  《-》

The Association of Bisphenol A and Phthalates with Risk of Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.

Liu G ，Cai W ，Liu H ，Jiang H ，Bi Y ，Wang H ... -  《-》

Environmental estrogen-like endocrine disrupting chemicals and breast cancer.

Estrogen-mimicking endocrine disruptors (EEDs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), bisphenol A (BPA), and phthalates have been found ubiquitously throughout our environment. Although exposure to EEDs has the ability to interfere with endocrine control of reproductive function and development in both humans and wildlife, inconsistent reports have made it difficult to draw conclusions concerning the hypothesized increased risk of breast cancer associated with EEDs. The purpose of this study was to examine the cross-sectional relationship between exposure to PCBs, BPA or phthalates; and risk of breast cancer in U.S. women using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data between 1999 and 2004. We analyzed data from female participants (20 years of age and older) collected by NHANES between 1999 and 2004 for exposure assessment based on lipid adjusted serum levels of 6 individual PCB congeners (PCB 074, 099, 118, 138, 153, and 180), the sum of dioxin-like PCBs (074 and 118), and the sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs (099 + 138 + 153 + 187). Levels of urinary BPA and seven phthalate metabolites mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-(3-caroxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MZP), and three metabolites of di (2-ehtylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP): [mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP)] were obtained from the 2003-2010 yearly survey cycles in participants aged 6 years and older. Assessments of EEDs or their metabolites were analyzed in conjunction with medical and reproductive health questionnaire data. Age, race/ethnicity, age at menarche, body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), and lactation were considered as potential confounders in our final models. Geometric means (GM) were calculated to compare PCB, BPA or phthalate concentrations in women who self-reported a breast cancer diagnosis versus women who self-reported never being diagnosed with breast cancer. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between PCB, BPA or phthalate measurements and breast cancer. In age, race/ethnicity, and BMI adjusted models, PCB138 was the only congener found to be significantly associated with breast cancer [OR of 3.16; 95% CI: 1.14-8.76]. We also found the sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs to be significantly associated with breast cancer [OR of 1.14; 95% CI: 1.00-1.29]. Risk of breast cancer, however, was not found to be significantly associated with phthalate, phthalate metabolites, and BPA in unadjusted or adjusted logistic regression models. Our results suggest a link between environmental exposures to PCB 138 and breast cancer. There were no significant associations between phthalates or BPA and breast cancers. These findings should be interpreted with caution because of the use of cross-sectional self-reported data and a small sample size of breast cancer subjects. Nonetheless, our finding emphasizes a need of comprehensive environmental molecular epidemiologic study to determine the potential role of environmental exposures to PCBs, phthalates, and BPA in the development of breast cancer.

Morgan M ，Deoraj A ，Felty Q ，Roy D ... -  《-》

Phthalates and risk of endometriosis.

Phthalates are ubiquitous environmental chemicals with endocrine disruptive properties. The impact of these chemicals on endocrine-related disease in reproductive-age women is not well understood. To investigate the relationship between urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and the risk of a hormonally-driven disease, endometriosis, in reproductive-age women. We used data from a population-based case-control study of endometriosis, conducted among female enrollees of a large healthcare system in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. We measured urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations on incident, surgically-confirmed cases (n=92) diagnosed between 1996 and 2001 and population-based controls (n=195). Odds ratios (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for urinary creatinine concentrations, age, and reference year. The majority of women in our study had detectable concentrations of phthalate metabolites. We observed a strong inverse association between urinary mono-(2-ethyl-5-hexyl) phthalate (MEHP) concentration and endometriosis risk, particularly when comparing the fourth and first MEHP quartiles (aOR 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1-0.7). Our data suggested an inverse association between endometriosis and urinary concentrations of other di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) metabolites (mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP)) and ∑DEHP, however, the confidence intervals include the null. Our data also suggested increased endometriosis risk with greater urinary concentrations of mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), although the associations were not statistically significant. Exposure to select phthalates is ubiquitous among female enrollees of a large healthcare system in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. The findings from our study suggest that phthalates may alter the risk of a hormonally-mediated disease among reproductive-age women.

Upson K ，Sathyanarayana S ，De Roos AJ ，Thompson ML ，Scholes D ，Dills R ，Holt VL ... -  《-》