Predictors of urinary bisphenol A and phthalate metabolite concentrations in Mexican children.
Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates is prevalent among children and adolescents, but little is known regarding important sources of exposure at these sensitive life stages. In this study, we measured urinary concentrations of BPA and nine phthalate metabolites in 108 Mexican children aged 8-13 years. Associations of age, time of day, and questionnaire items on external environment, water use, and food container use with specific gravity-corrected urinary concentrations were assessed, as were questionnaire items concerning the use of 17 personal care products in the past 48-h. As a secondary aim, third trimester urinary concentrations were measured in 99 mothers of these children, and the relationship between specific gravity-corrected urinary concentrations at these two time points was explored. After adjusting for potential confounding by other personal care product use in the past 48-h, there were statistically significant (p<0.05) positive associations in boys for cologne/perfume use and monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and in girls for colored cosmetics use and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), MEHHP, MEOHP, and mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), conditioner use and MEP, deodorant use and MEP, and other hair products use and MBP. There was a statistically significant positive trend for the number of personal care products used in the past 48-h and log-MEP in girls. However, there were no statistically significant associations between the analytes and the other questionnaire items and there were no strong correlations between the analytes measured during the third trimester and at 8-13 years of age. We demonstrated that personal care product use is associated with exposure to multiple phthalates in children. Due to rapid development, children may be susceptible to impacts from exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals; thus, reduced or delayed use of certain personal care products among children may be warranted.
Lewis RC
，Meeker JD
，Peterson KE
，Lee JM
，Pace GG
，Cantoral A
，Téllez-Rojo MM
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Environmental estrogen-like endocrine disrupting chemicals and breast cancer.
Estrogen-mimicking endocrine disruptors (EEDs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), bisphenol A (BPA), and phthalates have been found ubiquitously throughout our environment. Although exposure to EEDs has the ability to interfere with endocrine control of reproductive function and development in both humans and wildlife, inconsistent reports have made it difficult to draw conclusions concerning the hypothesized increased risk of breast cancer associated with EEDs.
The purpose of this study was to examine the cross-sectional relationship between exposure to PCBs, BPA or phthalates; and risk of breast cancer in U.S. women using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data between 1999 and 2004.
We analyzed data from female participants (20 years of age and older) collected by NHANES between 1999 and 2004 for exposure assessment based on lipid adjusted serum levels of 6 individual PCB congeners (PCB 074, 099, 118, 138, 153, and 180), the sum of dioxin-like PCBs (074 and 118), and the sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs (099 + 138 + 153 + 187). Levels of urinary BPA and seven phthalate metabolites mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-(3-caroxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MZP), and three metabolites of di (2-ehtylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP): [mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP)] were obtained from the 2003-2010 yearly survey cycles in participants aged 6 years and older. Assessments of EEDs or their metabolites were analyzed in conjunction with medical and reproductive health questionnaire data. Age, race/ethnicity, age at menarche, body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), and lactation were considered as potential confounders in our final models. Geometric means (GM) were calculated to compare PCB, BPA or phthalate concentrations in women who self-reported a breast cancer diagnosis versus women who self-reported never being diagnosed with breast cancer. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between PCB, BPA or phthalate measurements and breast cancer.
In age, race/ethnicity, and BMI adjusted models, PCB138 was the only congener found to be significantly associated with breast cancer [OR of 3.16; 95% CI: 1.14-8.76]. We also found the sum of non-dioxin-like PCBs to be significantly associated with breast cancer [OR of 1.14; 95% CI: 1.00-1.29]. Risk of breast cancer, however, was not found to be significantly associated with phthalate, phthalate metabolites, and BPA in unadjusted or adjusted logistic regression models.
Our results suggest a link between environmental exposures to PCB 138 and breast cancer. There were no significant associations between phthalates or BPA and breast cancers. These findings should be interpreted with caution because of the use of cross-sectional self-reported data and a small sample size of breast cancer subjects. Nonetheless, our finding emphasizes a need of comprehensive environmental molecular epidemiologic study to determine the potential role of environmental exposures to PCBs, phthalates, and BPA in the development of breast cancer.
Morgan M
，Deoraj A
，Felty Q
，Roy D
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Biomonitoring of phthalate metabolites in the Canadian population through the Canadian Health Measures Survey (2007-2009).
Human exposure to phthalates occurs through multiple sources and pathways. In the Canadian Health Measures Survey 2007-2009, 11 phthalate metabolites, namely, MMP, MEP, MnBP, MBzP, MCHP, MCPP, MEHP, MEOHP, MEHHP, MnOP, and MiNP were measured in urine samples of 6-49 year old survey respondents (n=3236). The phthalate metabolites biomonitoring data from this nationally-representative Canadian survey are presented here. The metabolites MEP, MnBP, MBzP, MCPP, MEHP, MEOHP and MEHHP were detected in >90% of Canadians while MMP, MCHP, MnOP and MiNP were detected in <20% of the Canadian population. Step-wise regression analyses were carried out to identify important predictors of volumetric concentrations (μg/L) of the metabolites in the general population. Individual multiple regression models with covariates age, sex, creatinine, fasting status, and the interaction terms age×creatinine, age×sex and fasting status×creatinine were constructed for MEP, MnBP, MBzP, MCPP, MEHP, MEOHP and MEHHP. The least square geometric mean (LSGM) estimates for volumetric concentration (μg/L) of the metabolites derived from respective regression models were used to assess the patterns in the metabolite concentrations among population sub-groups. The results indicate that children had significantly higher urinary concentrations of MnBP, MBzP, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP and MCPP than adolescents and adults. Moreover, MEP, MBzP, MnBP and MEOHP concentrations in females were significantly higher than in males. We observed that fasting status significantly affects the concentrations of MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, and MCPP metabolites analyzed in this study. Moreover, our results indicate that the sampling time could affect the DEHP metabolite concentrations in the general Canadian population.
Saravanabhavan G
，Guay M
，Langlois É
，Giroux S
，Murray J
，Haines D
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