Increased nociceptive behaviors and spinal c-Fos expression in the formalin test in a rat repeated cold stress model.

Repeated cold stress (RCS) can trigger the development of fibromyalgia (FM)-like symptoms, including persistent deep-tissue pain, although nociceptive changes to the skin have not been fully characterized. Using a rat RCS model, we investigated nociceptive behaviors induced by noxious mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli applied to plantar skin. Neuronal activation in the spinal dorsal horn was examined using the formalin pain test. In rats exposed to RCS, nociceptive behavioral hypersensitivity was observed in all modalities of cutaneous noxious stimuli: the mechanical withdrawal threshold was decreased, and the heat withdrawal latency was shortened one day after the cessation of stress. The duration of nocifensive behaviors in the formalin test was prolonged in phase II but not in phase I. The number of c-Fos-positive neurons increased in the entire dorsal horn laminae I-VI, ipsilateral, but not contralateral, to formalin injection at the L3-L5 segments. The duration of nocifensive behavior in phase II was significantly and positively correlated with the number of c-Fos-positive neurons in laminae I-II. These results demonstrate that cutaneous nociception is facilitated in rats exposed to RCS for a short time and that the spinal dorsal horn neurons are hyperactivated by cutaneous formalin in the RCS model.

Nasu T ，Kainuma R ，Ota H ，Mizumura K ，Taguchi T ... -  《-》

Nociceptive chemical hypersensitivity in the spinal cord of a rat reserpine-induced fibromyalgia model.

The pathological mechanisms of fibromyalgia (FM) are largely unknown. Recently, a rat reserpine-induced pain model showing exaggerated pain-related behaviors to mechanical and thermal stimuli has been used in FM research. However, the model has not been fully characterized. Here, we investigated nociceptive hypersensitivity to chemical stimuli and its spinal mechanisms to further characterize the model. The rat model was induced by administering reserpine to the nervous system. Nociceptive behaviors to chemical stimuli were quantified using the formalin pain test, and neuronal activation of the stimuli was examined using spinal c-Fos immunohistochemistry and electrophysiological recordings of superficial dorsal horn (SDH) neurons. The duration of pain-related behaviors was prolonged in both phases I (0-5 min) and II (10-60 min) and the interphase; and the number of c-Fos-immunoreactive nuclei increased in laminae I-II, III-IV, and V-VI at the spinal segments L3-L5 on the side ipsilateral to the formalin injection, and these factors were significantly and positively correlated. The action potentials of SDH neurons induced by formalin injection were markedly increased in rats treated with reserpine. These results demonstrate that pain-related behaviors are facilitated by noxious chemical stimuli in a rat reserpine-induced FM model, and that the behavioral hypersensitivity is associated with hyperactivation of SDH neurons.

Ejiri Y ，Uta D ，Ota H ，Mizumura K ，Taguchi T ... -  《-》

Systemic morphine suppresses noxious stimulus-evoked Fos protein-like immunoreactivity in the rat spinal cord.

Presley RW ，Menétrey D ，Levine JD ，Basbaum AI ... -  《-》

[Effects of preemptively injected intrathecal lornoxicam on behavior and c-fos protein expression of rat with formalin hurting].

Chen X ，Yang Y ，Liu H ，Xiao H ，Yang BX ... -  《-》

Effects of nefopam on the spinal nociceptive processes: a c-Fos protein study in the rat.

Buritova J ，Besson JM 《EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY》