Demographic disparities in unimproved drinking water and sanitation in Ghana: a nationally representative cross-sectional study.

The government of Ghana has targeted universal access to safe drinking water by 2025 and elimination of open defecation by year 2030. This study explored the use of unimproved drinking water and unimproved sanitation and assessed their association with demographic factors. This was a secondary data analysis of the 2017 Ghana Maternal Health Survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey. Open defecation households were mapped to show regional differences. Weighted logistic regression was used to assess the association of demographic variables with use of unimproved drinking water and unimproved toilet facilities. Ghana. A total of 26 324 households were included in the analysis. Use of unimproved drinking water and unimproved toilet facilities. Out of the 26 324 households, 8.9% used unimproved drinking water while 81.6% used unimproved sanitation. Open defecation was practised by 15.2% of Ghanaian households, with a prevalence of 58.8%, 6.7% and 12.5% in the Northern, Middle and Coastal zones, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, rural households (p<0.001), households with more than five members (p<0.001), households with heads less than 25 years (p=0.018), male-headed households (p<0.001) and household heads with no/low level of education (p<0.001) were significantly associated with drinking unimproved water. Also, rural households (p=0.002), households in the Northern zone (p<0.001), single-member households (p<0.001), households with heads less than 25 years (p<0.001) and household heads with no/low level of education (p<0.001) were significantly associated with using unimproved toilet facilities. The target of universal access to safe drinking water by 2025 and elimination of open defecation by 2030 seems impossible to be achieved if appropriate measures are not implemented. We recommend that state authorities, health partners and non-governmental organisations support local-level sanitation plans and strategies.

Oppong FB ，Boateng D ，Senkyire EK ，Logo DD ... -  《BMJ Open》

Limited access to improved drinking water, unimproved drinking water, and toilet facilities among households in Ethiopia: Spatial and mixed effect analysis.

Belay DG ，Andualem Z 《PLoS One》

Households access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis based on 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey.

This study aimed to assess households access to improved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities and their associated factors in Ethiopia. Cross-sectional study. Ethiopia. Household heads. Access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities. We conducted an in-depth secondary data analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Data from a total of 16 650 households and 645 clusters were included in the analysis. The households were selected using a stratified two-stage cluster sampling technique. Multilevel binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with access to an improved drinking water source and toilet facilities. Adjusted OR with a 95% CI was reported with p value <0.05 was used to declare a significant association between the covariates and the outcome variables. The proportions of households' access to improved sources of drinking water and toilet facilities were 69.94% (95% CI: 69.23% to 70.63%) and 25.36% (95% CI: 24.69% to 26.03%), respectively. Households headed by women and households with a better wealth index were positively associated with access to improved drinking water sources. Whereas rural households, ≥30 min round trip to obtain drinking water and region were factors negatively associated with households access to improved drinking water sources. A higher probability of having access to improved toilet facilities: households with heads who had attained higher education, households having better access to improved sources of drinking water and households with better wealth index. While the following households were less likely to have access to improved toilet facilities: households with heads were widowed, households with four to six members, rural households and region. The study found that the proportions of households' access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia were relatively low, which demands the need to tailor strategies to increase the coverage of access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities.

Andualem Z ，Dagne H ，Azene ZN ，Taddese AA ，Dagnew B ，Fisseha R ，Muluneh AG ，Yeshaw Y ... -  《BMJ Open》

A Multilevel Analysis of Regressors of Access to Improved Drinking Water and Sanitation Facilities in Ghana.

Agbadi P ，Darkwah E ，Kenney PL 《-》

Can open-defecation free (ODF) communities be sustained? A cross-sectional study in rural Ghana.

Delaire C ，Kisiangani J ，Stuart K ，Antwi-Agyei P ，Khush R ，Peletz R ... -  《PLoS One》