Educational disparities in hypertension, diabetes, obesity and smoking in Brazil: a trend analysis of 578 977 adults from a national survey, 2007-2018.

Our study aimed to assess social inequality trends for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and obesity from 2007 to 2018 in adults from Brazilian capitals. Data from the Surveillance of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey study, a cross-sectional telephone survey, conducted annually from 2007 to 2018. We used data from 578 977 Brazilian adults (≥18 years). Cross-sectional surveys conducted annually from 2007 to 2018. Participants responded to a questionnaire about medical diagnosis of hypertension and diabetes, smoking status, weight and height. Educational inequalities (0-3, 4-8, 9-11 and 12 or more years of study) by sex and skin colour were assessed trough absolute, Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and relative measures of inequality, Concentration Index and trends were tested by Prais-Winsten. All outcomes were more prevalent in the least educated. The largest absolute educational inequality was observed for hypertension (SIItotal=-37.8 in 2018). During 2007-2018, the total educational disparity remained constant for hypertension, increased for diabetes and smoking, and decreased for obesity. Overall, inequality was higher among women and non-whites, compared with men and whites. We found a reduction in absolute inequality for hypertension among non-whites, an increase for diabetes in all strata, and an increase for smoking in women and non-whites. The relative inequality decreased in women and whites and increased for smoking in all strata, except among men. The educational inequality reduced for obesity, remained constant for hypertension and increased for diabetes and smoking from 2007 to 2018 in Brazilian adults.

Dulgheroff PT ，da Silva LS ，Rinaldi AEM ，Rezende LFM ，Marques ES ，Azeredo CM ... -  《BMJ Open》

Time trends in adult chronic disease inequalities by education in Brazil: 1998-2013.

Beltrán-Sánchez H ，Andrade FC 《International Journal for Equity in Health》

Trends in absolute and relative educational inequalities in four modifiable ischaemic heart disease risk factors: repeated cross-sectional surveys from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) 1984-2008.

Ernstsen L ，Strand BH ，Nilsen SM ，Espnes GA ，Krokstad S ... -  《BMC PUBLIC HEALTH》

Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in five major risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the Korean population: a cross-sectional study using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2014.

To examine trends in socioeconomic inequalities in major cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among the Korean population. Cross-sectional study. A nationally representative population survey database. A total of 42 725 Koreans, aged 25-64 years, who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) II (2001) to VI (2013-2014). Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in five major CVD risk factors (smoking, obesity, diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia). Gender differences were noted in the time trends in socioeconomic inequalities in smoking, obesity, diabetes and hypertension. Among men, low socioeconomic status (SES) was associated with higher prevalence of smoking, but not with obesity, diabetes or hypertension. The magnitudes of socioeconomic inequalities in smoking, obesity and diabetes remained unchanged, and the magnitude of the inequality in hypertension decreased over time. However, among women, low SES was associated with higher prevalence of smoking, obesity, diabetes and hypertension. Time trends towards increasing socioeconomic inequalities, measured by income, in smoking, obesity and diabetes were found in women. Unlike the other CVD risk factors, hypercholesterolaemia was not associated with socioeconomic inequality. SES had a stronger impact on major CVD risk factors among Korean women than men. Moreover, socioeconomic inequalities in smoking, obesity and diabetes worsened among Korean women over time. Public policies to prevent smoking, obesity and diabetes in women with lower SES are needed to address inequalities.

Kim YJ ，Lee JS ，Park J ，Choi DS ，Kim DM ，Lee KH ，Kim HY ，Kim SG ，Lee J ... -  《BMJ Open》

Educational inequalities in hypertension: complex patterns in intersections with gender and race in Brazil.

Alves RF ，Faerstein E 《International Journal for Equity in Health》