COVID-19 Serology at Population Scale: SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibody Responses in Saliva.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of an ongoing pandemic that has infected over 36 million and killed over 1 million people. Informed implementation of government public health policies depends on accurate data on SARS-CoV-2 immunity at a population scale. We hypothesized that detection of SARS-CoV-2 salivary antibodies could serve as a noninvasive alternative to serological testing for monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 infection and seropositivity at a population scale. We developed a multiplex SARS-CoV-2 antibody immunoassay based on Luminex technology that comprised 12 CoV antigens, mostly derived from SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S). Saliva and sera collected from confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and from the pre-COVID-19 era were tested for IgG, IgA, and IgM to the antigen panel. Matched saliva and serum IgG responses (n = 28) were significantly correlated. The salivary anti-N IgG response resulted in the highest sensitivity (100%), exhibiting a positive response in 24/24 reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR)-confirmed COVID-19 cases sampled at >14 days post-symptom onset (DPSO), whereas the salivary anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG response yielded 100% specificity. Temporal kinetics of IgG in saliva were consistent with those observed in blood and indicated that most individuals seroconvert at around 10 DPSO. Algorithms employing a combination of the IgG responses to N and S antigens result in high diagnostic accuracy (100%) by as early as 10 DPSO. These results support the use of saliva-based antibody testing as a noninvasive and scalable alternative to blood-based antibody testing.

Pisanic N ，Randad PR ，Kruczynski K ，Manabe YC ，Thomas DL ，Pekosz A ，Klein SL ，Betenbaugh MJ ，Clarke WA ，Laeyendecker O ，Caturegli PP ，Larman HB ，Detrick B ，Fairley JK ，Sherman AC ，Rouphael N ，Edupuganti S ，Granger DA ，Granger SW ，Collins MH ，Heaney CD ... -  《-》

A Multiplex Noninvasive Salivary Antibody Assay for SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Its Application in a Population-Based Survey by Mail.

Egorov AI ，Griffin SM ，Fuzawa M ，Kobylanski J ，Grindstaff R ，Padgett W ，Simmons S ，Hallinger DR ，Styles JN ，Wickersham L ，Sams E ，Hudgens E ，Wade TJ ... -  《Microbiology Spectrum》

Saliva SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Prevalence in Children.

Keuning MW ，Grobben M ，de Groen AC ，Berman-de Jong EP ，Bijlsma MW ，Cohen S ，Felderhof M ，de Groof F ，Molanus D ，Oeij N ，Rijpert M ，van Eijk HWM ，Koen G ，van der Straten K ，Oomen M ，Visser R ，Linty F ，Steenhuis M ，Vidarsson G ，Rispens T ，Plötz FB ，van Gils MJ ，Pajkrt D ... -  《Microbiology Spectrum》

A Serological Snapshot of COVID-19 Initial Stages in Israel by a 6-Plex Antigen Array.

Fisher M ，Levy H ，Fatelevich E ，Afrimov Y ，Ben-Shmuel A ，Rosenfeld R ，Noy-Porat T ，Glinert I ，Sittner A ，Biber A ，Belkin A ，Bar-David E ，Puni R ，Levy I ，Mazor O ，Weiss S ，Mechaly A ... -  《Microbiology Spectrum》

A Combination of N and S Antigens With IgA and IgG Measurement Strengthens the Accuracy of SARS-CoV-2 Serodiagnostics.

Primary diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is based on detection of virus RNA in nasopharyngeal swab samples. In addition, analysis of humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 has an important role in viral diagnostics and seroprevalence estimates. We developed and optimized an enzyme immunoassays (EIA) using SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein (N), S1 and receptor binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike protein, and N proteins from SARS, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and 4 low-pathogenic human CoVs. Neutralizing antibody activity was compared with SARS-CoV-2 IgG, IgA, and IgM EIA results. The sensitivity of EIA for detecting immune response in COVID-19 patients (n = 101) was 77% in the acute phase and 100% in the convalescent phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection when N and RBD were used as antigens in IgG and IgA specific EIAs. SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly increased humoral immune responses against the 229E and NL63 N proteins. S1 and RBD-based EIA results had a strong correlation with microneutralization test results. The data indicate a combination of SARS-CoV-2 S1 or RBD and N proteins and analysis of IgG and IgA immunoglobulin classes in sera provide an excellent basis for specific and sensitive serological diagnostics of COVID-19.

Jalkanen P ，Pasternack A ，Maljanen S ，Melén K ，Kolehmainen P ，Huttunen M ，Lundberg R ，Tripathi L ，Khan H ，Ritvos MA ，Naves R ，Haveri A ，Österlund P ，Kuivanen S ，Jääskeläinen AJ ，Kurkela S ，Lappalainen M ，Rantasärkkä K ，Vuorinen T ，Hytönen J ，Waris M ，Tauriainen S ，Ritvos O ，Kakkola L ，Julkunen I ... -  《-》