Analysis and inorganic composition of microplastics in commercial Malaysian fish meals.
Presence of microplastics (MPs) in a broad range of wild and cultured marine organisms is well-documented, but transfer mechanisms by which cultured organisms are contaminated with MPs is poorly understood. MP loads in three Malaysian commercial brands of fish meal were investigated. Chemical composition of extracted MP-like particles was confirmed using micro-Raman spectroscopy. Inorganic composition of MPs and pigment particles were assessed through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Out of 336 extracted particles, 64.3% were plastic polymers, 25% pigment particles, 4.2% non-plastic items, and 6.5% were unidentified. Fragments were the dominant form of MPs (78.2%) followed by filaments (13.4%) and films (8.4%). This study demonstrates that cultured organisms could be exposed to high levels of MPs via MP contaminated fish/shellfish used in fish meal production. Fish meal replacement with other sources of protein including meat meals and plant-based meals may mitigate MP exposure to cultured or farmed organisms.
Karbalaei S
，Golieskardi A
，Watt DU
，Boiret M
，Hanachi P
，Walker TR
，Karami A
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Microplastics contamination in commercial fish meal and feed: a major concern in the cultured organisms.
The growing scale of plastic pollution causes a devastating impact on the aquatic ecosystem. The people largely depend on animal-based food for their protein requirements. In this study, we analysed 10 different fish meal samples and 20 feed samples used in farming to understand the level of microplastic (MPs) contamination and estimate the amount of MPs ingested by farmed fish, shrimp, and chicken through feed. The abundance of MPs in fish meal samples ranges from 210 ± 98.21 to 1154 ± 235.55 items/kg. The fish meal produced from dried fish is more prone to MPs contamination than that produced from fresh fish. In the case of fish feed, MP abundances range from 50 ± 22.36 to 160 ± 36.57 items/kg in shrimp feeds, 60 ± 26.74 to 230 ± 52.32 items/kg in fish feeds and 90 ± 25.11 to 330 ± 36.12 items/kg in chicken feeds. The exposure rate of MPs is higher in the grower- and finisher-stage feeds than in the starter feed. Fiber-shaped MPs of size 100-500 μm with PE and PP polymers were predominantly found in fish meal and feed samples. EDAX analysis showed the presence of Cr, Cd, Ti, Ni, Cu, As, Al, Pb, Hg, Cd, Ti, Fe, Ca, K, and Si in fish meal samples and Ca, Na, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cl, Al, Si, S, Pb, Cd, Ti, Cr, Mg and Fe in feed samples. The possible level of exposure of microplastic particles was calculated based on MP contamination in feed, feed consumption rate, and body weight. We estimated an MP exposure level of 531-1434 items/kg feed for farmed shrimp, 234-4480 items/kg feed for fishes, and 3519-434,280 items/kg feed for chicken. This study concludes that fish meal and feed are one of the important exposure routes of MPs to the farmed animals.
Jeyasanta I
，Sathish MN
，Patterson J
，Esmeralda VG
，R L L
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Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in commercial marine fish from Malaysia.
Plastic debris is widespread and ubiquitous in the marine environment and ingestion of plastic debris by marine organisms is well-documented. Viscera and gills of 110 individual marine fish from 11 commercial fish species collected from the marine fish market were examined for presence of plastic debris. Isolated particles were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, and elemental analysis was assessed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Nine (of 11) species contained plastic debris. Out of 56 isolated particles, 76.8% were plastic polymers, 5.4% were pigments, and 17.8% were unidentified. Extracted plastic particle sizes ranged from 200 to 34,900 μm (mean = 2600 μm ±7.0 SD). Hazardous material was undetected using inorganic elemental analysis of extracted plastic debris and pigment particles. The highest number of ingested microplastics was measured in Eleutheronema tridactylum and Clarias gariepinus, suggesting their potential as indicator species to monitor and study trends of ingested marine litter.
Karbalaei S
，Golieskardi A
，Hamzah HB
，Abdulwahid S
，Hanachi P
，Walker TR
，Karami A
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Microplastics in fish meals: An exposure route for aquaculture animals.
Microplastics (MPs) are widely detected in many marine fishes. Fish meal contaminated by MP may constitute a potential threat to aquaculture animals. This study analyzed the characteristics of MP in fish meals from ten major fish meal-producing countries around the world. Microplastics were isolated from fish meal, examined under a microscope and identified using Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (μ-FT-IR). The results showed that MP pollution was widely detected in fish meal samples from ten countries. The average MP abundance of fish meals was 5.5 ± 1.6 items/g, with higher levels in China, Peru and Myanmar, which might be related to the high pollution level in fish and their habitats. In isolated MPs, fibers were the main shape type, and the most common size was 500-1000 μm. A total of 6 polymers were identified, with cellophane (CP), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene teraphalate (PET) being the most common types. The total amount of MP ingestion from fish meals by different cultured animals was also estimated, with Atlantic salmon Salmon salar ingesting the largest number of MPs (9361 items), and red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii ingesting the smallest number of MPs (19 items). Thus, fish meal constitutes an important exposure route of MPs for aquaculture animals. The results of this study will provide a basis to assess the potential health risks of MPs in fish meals around the world.
Wang Q
，Li J
，Zhu X
，Sun C
，Teng J
，Chen L
，Shan E
，Zhao J
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