Parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction of new psychoactive substances in plasma and whole blood.
Parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction (PALME) was combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) and the potential for screening of new psychoactive substances (NPS) was investigated for the first time. PALME was performed in 96-well format comprising a donor plate, a supported liquid membrane (SLM), and an acceptor plate. Uncharged NPS were extracted from plasma or whole blood, across an organic SLM, and into an aqueous acceptor solution, facilitated by a pH gradient. MDAI (5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane), methylone, PFA (para-fluoroamphetamine), mCPP (meta-chlorophenylpiperazine), pentedrone, methoxetamine, MDPV (methylenedioxypyrovalerone), ethylphenidate, 2C-E (2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylphenethylamine), bromo-dragonfly, and AH-7921 (3,4-dichloro-N-{[1-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]methyl}benzamide) were selected as representative NPS. Optimization of operational parameters was necessary as the NPS were novel to PALME, and because PALME was performed from whole blood for the very first time. In the PALME method developed for plasma, NPS were extracted from a 250μL alkalized donor solution consisting of 125μL plasma sample, 115μL 40mM NaOH, and 10μL internal standard. In the PALME method from whole blood, the 250μL alkalized donor solution consisted of 100μL whole blood, 50μL deionized water, 75μL 80mM NaOH, and 25μL internal standard. In both methods, extraction was accomplished across an SLM of 5μL dodecyl acetate with 1% trioctylamine (w/w), and further into an acidic acceptor solution of 50μL 20mM formic acid. The extraction was promoted by agitation at 900rpm and was carried out for 120min. Method validation was performed and the following parameters were considered: linearity, limits of quantification (LOQ), intra- and inter-day precision, accuracy, extraction recoveries, carry-over, and matrix effects. The validation results were in accordance with FDA guidelines.
Vårdal L
，Askildsen HM
，Gjelstad A
，Øiestad EL
，Edvardsen HM
，Pedersen-Bjergaard S
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Quantitative determination of zopiclone and zolpidem in whole blood by liquid-liquid extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS.
An ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of zopiclone and zolpidem in whole blood, for use in cases with suspected driving under influence of drugs (DUID) and autopsy cases. Sample preparation was performed with liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using ethyl acetate/n-heptane (80:20, v/v) and 0.1mL whole blood. Deuterated analogues were used as internal standards (IS) for both compounds. The compounds were separated using a reversed phase C18-column (2.1mm×100mm, 1.7μm), with a flow rate of 0.5mL/min, 1μL injected and gradient elution with 5mM ammonium formate pH 10.2 and acetonitrile. Quantification was done by MS/MS using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive mode. The run time of the method was 4.5min including equilibration time. The calibration curves of extracted whole blood standards were fitted by linear-order calibration curves weighted 1/x, with R(2) values above 0.999 for both compounds. Intermediate precision and accuracies (bias) were 2.4-12.9% RSD and from -5.9 to 6.8%, respectively. Recoveries of the compounds were ≥70%. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for zopiclone was 0.50nmol/L (0.19ng/mL) or 0.05pg injected on column, and 3.5nmol/mL (1.10ng/mL) for zolpidem, or 0.27pg injected on column. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.2nmol/L (0.08ng/mL) for zopiclone and 0.3nmol/L (0.09ng/mL) for zolpidem. Matrix effects (ME) were between 108 and 115% when calculated against IS. A comparison with former confirmation LC-MS method at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Medicine (NIPH) was performed during method validation. Good correlation was seen for both compounds. The method has been running on a routine basis for two years, and has proven to be very robust and reliable with satisfactory long term precision and bias and with results for external quality samples corresponding well to consensus mean or median. Zopiclone and zolpidem concentrations in post mortem and ante mortem cases were reported. The method also meets the requirements of the legislative limits for driving under the influence of non-alcohol drugs introduced in the Norwegian Road Traffic Act Law from 2012.
Eliassen E
，Kristoffersen L
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Dried blood spots and parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction-A simple combination of microsampling and microextraction.
In this paper, parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction (PALME) was used for the first time to clean-up dried blood spots (DBS) prior to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Fundamental studies exploring amongst others desorption from the DBS in alkaline or acidic aqueous conditions, total extraction time and absolute recoveries were executed. Desorption and PALME were performed using a set of two 96-well plates, one of them housing the sample and the other comprising the supported liquid membrane (SLM) and the acceptor solution. In one procedure, amitriptyline and quetiapine (basic model analytes) were desorbed from the DBS using 250 μL of 10 mM sodium hydroxide solution (aqueous), and subsequently extracted through the SLM consisting of 4 μL of 1% trioctylamine in dodecyl acetate, and further into an acceptor solution consisting of 50 μL of 20 mM formic acid. In a second procedure, ketoprofen, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, and ibuprofen (acidic model analytes) were desorbed from the DBS into 20 mM formic acid, extracted through an SLM with dihexyl ether, and further into an acceptor solution of 25 mM ammonia. Within 60 min of PALME, both basic and acidic model analytes were effectively desorbed from the DBS and extracted into the acceptor solution, which was injected directly into the analytical instrument. Recoveries between 63 and 85% for the six model analytes were obtained. PALME provided excellent clean-up from the DBS samples, and acceptor solutions were free from phospholipids. Linearity was obtained with r2 > 0.99 for five of the six analytes. Accuracy, precision and UHPLC-MS/MS matrix effects were in accordance with the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guideline. Based on these experiments, PALME shows great potential for future processing of DBS in a short and simple way, and with the presented setup, up to 96 DBS can be processed within a total extraction time of 60 min.
Ask KS
，Øiestad EL
，Pedersen-Bjergaard S
，Gjelstad A
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