Cardiovascular risk factors-using repeated cross-sectional surveys to assess time trends in socioeconomic inequalities in neighbouring countries.

This study compares trends in socioeconomic inequalities related to key cardiovascular risk factors in neighbouring countries Northern Ireland (NI) and the Republic of Ireland (RoI). Repeated cross-sectional studies. Population based. 3500-4000 in national surveys in NI and 5000-9000 in RoI, aged 20-69 years. Educational attainment was used as a socioeconomic indicator by which the magnitude and direction of trends in inequalities for smoking, diabetes, obesity and physical inactivity in NI and RoI were examined between 1997/1998 and 2007/2011. Gender-specific relative and absolute inequalities were calculated using the Relative Index of Inequality (RII) and Slope Index of Inequality (SII) for both countries. In both countries, the prevalence of diabetes and obesity increased whereas levels of smoking and physical inactivity decreased over time. In NI relative inequalities increased for obesity (RII 1.1 in males and 2.1 in females in 2010/2011) and smoking (RII 4.5 in males and 4.2 in females in 2010/2011) for both genders and absolute inequalities increased for all risk factors in men and increased for diabetes and obesity in women. In RoI greater inequality was observed in women, particularly for smoking (RII 2.8 in 2007) and obesity (RII 8.2 in 2002) and in men for diabetes (RII 3.2 in 2002). Interventions to reduce inequalities in risk factors, particularly smoking, obesity and diabetes are encouraged across both countries.

Hughes J ，Kabir Z ，Kee F ，Bennett K ... -  《BMJ Open》

Inequalities in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its risk factors in Sri Lanka: a lower middle income country.

De Silva AP ，De Silva SHP ，Haniffa R ，Liyanage IK ，Jayasinghe S ，Katulanda P ，Wijeratne CN ，Wijeratne S ，Rajapaksa LC ... -  《International Journal for Equity in Health》

Trends and Regional Variation in Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Association With Socioeconomic Status in Canada, 2005-2016.

Dai H ，Younis A ，Kong JD ，Bragazzi NL ，Wu J ... -  《JAMA Network Open》

Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in five major risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the Korean population: a cross-sectional study using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2014.

To examine trends in socioeconomic inequalities in major cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among the Korean population. Cross-sectional study. A nationally representative population survey database. A total of 42 725 Koreans, aged 25-64 years, who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) II (2001) to VI (2013-2014). Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in five major CVD risk factors (smoking, obesity, diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia). Gender differences were noted in the time trends in socioeconomic inequalities in smoking, obesity, diabetes and hypertension. Among men, low socioeconomic status (SES) was associated with higher prevalence of smoking, but not with obesity, diabetes or hypertension. The magnitudes of socioeconomic inequalities in smoking, obesity and diabetes remained unchanged, and the magnitude of the inequality in hypertension decreased over time. However, among women, low SES was associated with higher prevalence of smoking, obesity, diabetes and hypertension. Time trends towards increasing socioeconomic inequalities, measured by income, in smoking, obesity and diabetes were found in women. Unlike the other CVD risk factors, hypercholesterolaemia was not associated with socioeconomic inequality. SES had a stronger impact on major CVD risk factors among Korean women than men. Moreover, socioeconomic inequalities in smoking, obesity and diabetes worsened among Korean women over time. Public policies to prevent smoking, obesity and diabetes in women with lower SES are needed to address inequalities.

Kim YJ ，Lee JS ，Park J ，Choi DS ，Kim DM ，Lee KH ，Kim HY ，Kim SG ，Lee J ... -  《BMJ Open》

Trends in absolute and relative educational inequalities in four modifiable ischaemic heart disease risk factors: repeated cross-sectional surveys from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) 1984-2008.

Ernstsen L ，Strand BH ，Nilsen SM ，Espnes GA ，Krokstad S ... -  《BMC PUBLIC HEALTH》