Desulfoluna butyratoxydans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel Gram-negative, butyrate-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from an estuarine sediment in Japan.

A strictly anaerobic, mesophilic, sulfate-reducing bacterial strain, designated MSL71T, was isolated from an estuarine sediment from the Sea of Japan bordering the Japanese islands and was characterized phenotypically and phylogenetically. The cells were found to be Gram-negative, motile, non-spore-forming, slightly curved rods. Catalase and oxidase activities were not detected. The optimum NaCl concentration for growth was 2.0 % (w/v), the optimum temperature was 30 degrees C and the optimum pH was 6.3. Strain MSL71T utilized formate, butyrate, pyruvate, lactate, malate, ethanol, propanol, butanol, glycerol and H2 as electron donors for sulfate reduction. The organic electron donors used were incompletely oxidized, mainly to acetate. The strain did not use acetate, propionate, fumarate, succinate, methanol, glycine, alanine, serine, aspartate or glutamate. Sulfite and thiosulfate were used as electron acceptors with lactate as an electron donor, but fumarate was not utilized. Without electron acceptors, pyruvate and malate, but not lactate or fumarate, were fermented. The genomic DNA G+C content was 62.0 mol%. Menaquinone MK-8(H4) was the major respiratory quinone. The major cellular fatty acids were C14 : 0, C16 : 0, C16 : 1 omega 7, C18 : 1 omega 9, C18 : 1 omega 7 and C14 : 0 3-OH. A phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence placed the strain in the class Deltaproteobacteria. The closest recognized relative of strain MSL71T was Desulfofrigus fragile (93.9 % sequence similarity) and the next closest recognized species was Desulfofrigus oceanense (93.5 %). On the basis of the significant differences in the 16S rRNA gene sequence and phenotypic characteristics between strain MSL71T and each of the related species, a novel genus and species, Desulfoluna butyratoxydans gen. nov., sp. nov., are proposed to accommodate strain MSL71T. The type strain is MSL71T (=JCM 14721T=DSM 19427T).

Suzuki D ，Ueki A ，Amaishi A ，Ueki K ... -  《international journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology》

Desulfoluna spongiiphila sp. nov., a dehalogenating bacterium in the Desulfobacteraceae from the marine sponge Aplysina aerophoba.

A reductively dehalogenating, strictly anaerobic, sulfate-reducing bacterium, designated strain AA1T, was isolated from the marine sponge Aplysina aerophoba collected in the Mediterranean Sea and was characterized phenotypically and phylogenetically. Cells of strain AA1T were Gram-negative, short, curved rods. Growth of strain AA1T was observed between 20 and 37 degrees C (optimally at 28 degrees C) at pH 7-8. NaCl was required for growth; optimum growth occurred in the presence of 25 g NaCl l(-1). Growth occurred with lactate, propionate, pyruvate, succinate, benzoate, glucose and sodium citrate as electron donors and carbon sources and either sulfate or 2-bromophenol as electron acceptors, but not with acetate or butyrate. Strain AA1T was able to dehalogenate several different bromophenols, and 2- and 3-iodophenol, but not monochlorinated or fluorinated phenols. Lactate, pyruvate, fumarate and malate were not utilized without an electron acceptor. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 58.5 mol%. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C14:0, iso-C14:0, C14:0 3-OH, anteiso-C15:0, C16:0, C16:1omega7c and C18:1omega7c. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons placed the novel strain within the class Deltaproteobacteria. Strain AA1T was related most closely to the type strains of Desulfoluna butyratoxydans (96% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Desulfofrigus oceanense (95%) and Desulfofrigus fragile (95%). Based on its phenotypic, physiological and phylogenetic characteristics, strain AA1T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Desulfoluna, for which the name Desulfoluna spongiiphila sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AA1T (=DSM 17682T=ATCC BAA-1256T).

Ahn YB ，Kerkhof LJ ，Häggblom MM 《international journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology》

Desulfovibrio marinisediminis sp. nov., a novel sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from coastal marine sediment via enrichment with Casamino acids.

To obtain amino acid-utilizing sulfate reducers, enrichment culture was carried out with a medium containing Casamino acids and sulfate and inoculated with coastal marine sediment from the eutrophic Tokyo Bay, Japan. A sulfate reducer, designated strain C/L2(T), was isolated from the sulfide-producing enrichment culture after further enrichment with lactate and sulfate by means of the agar shake dilution method. Cells of strain C/L2(T) were vibrio-shaped, Gram-negative, motile rods (0.7-1.0 mum wide and 1.0-3.5 mum long) with single polar flagella. The optimum temperature for its growth was 37 degrees C, the optimum pH was around 7.5 and the optimum NaCl concentration was 20-25 g l(-1). Hydrogen, formate, lactate, pyruvate, fumarate, malate, succinate, ethanol, propanol, glycerol, glycine, alanine, serine, aspartate, Casamino acids, peptone and yeast extract were used as electron donors. Sulfate, sulfite and thiosulfate each served as an electron acceptor, but elemental sulfur, nitrate, fumarate, acrylate and 2,4,6-tribromophenol did not. Disproportionation of thiosulfate was not observed. Desulfoviridin, c-type cytochromes and catalase were present. The major respiratory quinone was MK-6(H(2)). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 46.2 mol%. Comparisons based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and on dissimilatory sulfite reductase gene sequences clearly showed that strain C/L2(T) belonged to the genus Desulfovibrio: its closest relatives were the uncharacterized Desulfovibrio sp. strain TBP-1 (16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 99.4 %) and Desulfovibrio acrylicus DSM 10141(T) (16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 98.7 %). The level of DNA-DNA hybridization with Desulfovibrio acrylicus DSM 10141(T) was 10.3 %. On the basis of the data from this study and the physiological and phylogenetic differences that exist between the isolate and Desulfovibrio acrylicus, strain C/L2(T) represents a novel species of the genus Desulfovibrio, for which the name Desulfovibrio marinisediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is C/L2(T) (=NBRC [corrected] 101113(T)=JCM 14577(T)=DSM 17456(T)).

Takii S ，Hanada S ，Hase Y ，Tamaki H ，Uyeno Y ，Sekiguchi Y ，Matsuura K ... -  《international journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology》

Desulfatirhabdium butyrativorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a butyrate-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from an anaerobic bioreactor.

A novel sulfate-reducing bacterium, strain HB1(T), was isolated from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating paper-mill wastewater operated at 37 degrees C. Cells of strain HB1(T) were oval to rod-shaped, 1-1.3 microm wide and 2.6-3.5 microm long and Gram-negative. The optimum temperature for growth was 28-30 degrees C. In the presence of sulfate, the isolate was able to grow on H(2)/acetate, formate, ethanol, propionate, fumarate, succinate, butyrate, crotonate, catechol, benzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoate, palmitate and stearate. The isolate only grew on H(2) when acetate was added as a carbon source; when grown on formate, acetate was not required. Growth was also possible on pyruvate and crotonate without an electron acceptor. The isolate showed very poor growth on acetate. Thiosulfate and sulfate were used as electron acceptors. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain HB1(T) represents a novel lineage within the Deltaproteobacteria; sequence similarities between strain HB1(T) and members of other related genera were less than 91%. Strain HB1(T) was also distinguished from members of related genera based on differences in several phenotypic characteristics. It is a member of the family Desulfobacteraceae. The major cellular fatty acids of strain HB1(T) were C(16:0), iso-C(15:0), anteiso-C(15:0) and C(14:0). beta-Hydroxy fatty acids were also present in the range of C(14:0) to C(18:0), of which C(16:0) was the most abundant. The G+C content of the DNA was 55.1 mol%. Based on physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic traits together with results of comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain HB1(T) is considered to represent a novel species in a new genus, for which the name Desulfatirhabdium butyrativorans gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Desulfatirhabdium butyrativorans is HB1(T) (=DSM 18734(T) =JCM 14470(T)).

Balk M ，Altinbaş M ，Rijpstra WI ，Sinninghe Damsté JS ，Stams AJ ... -  《international journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology》

Desulfopila aestuarii gen. nov., sp. nov., a Gram-negative, rod-like, sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from an estuarine sediment in Japan.

A strictly anaerobic, mesophilic, sulfate-reducing bacterial strain (MSL86(T)) isolated from an estuarine sediment in the Sea of Japan (around the Japanese islands) was characterized phenotypically and phylogenetically. The cells were found to be Gram-negative, motile, non-spore-forming rods. Catalase was not detected. The optimum NaCl concentration for growth was 1.0 % (w/v) and the optimum temperature was 35 degrees C. Strain MSL86(T) was slightly alkaliphilic, with optimum growth at pH 7.5-7.6. Organic electron donors were incompletely oxidized to (mainly) acetate. Strain MSL86(T) utilized formate, pyruvate, lactate, fumarate, ethanol, propanol, butanol and glycerol as electron donors for sulfate reduction and did not use acetate, propionate, butyrate, succinate, malate, methanol, glycine, alanine, serine, aspartate, glutamate or H(2). Sulfite, thiosulfate and fumarate were used as electron acceptors with lactate as an electron donor. Without electron acceptors, the strain fermented pyruvate and fumarate. The genomic DNA G+C content was 54.4 mol%. Menaquinone MK-8(H(4)) was the major respiratory quinone. The major cellular fatty acids were C(16 : 0), C(16 : 1)omega7, C(16 : 1)omega5 and C(17 : 1)omega6. A phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence placed the strain in the class Deltaproteobacteria. The recognized bacterium most closely related to strain MSL86(T) was [Desulfobacterium] catecholicum DSM 3882(T) (sequence similarity 94.4 %), and the next most closely related recognized species were Desulfotalea psychrophila (94.2 % sequence similarity with the type strain) and Desulfotalea arctica (93.7 %). As the physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics of MSL86(T) were distinctly different from those of any related species, a novel genus and species Desulfopila aestuarii gen. nov., sp. nov. are proposed to accommodate the strain. The type strain of Desulfopila aestuarii is MSL86(T) (=JCM 14042(T)=DSM 18488(T)).

Suzuki D ，Ueki A ，Amaishi A ，Ueki K ... -  《international journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology》