Dietary diversity and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at public hospitals in North Shewa, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2023.

Adequate consumption of diversified food during pregnancy enables adequate intake of 11 important micronutrients. Pregnant women who consume an inadequate amount of diversified food during pregnancy are at a higher risk of delivering preterm babies, stillbirth, low birth weight, and small for gestational age newborns. This study aimed to assess dietary diversity (DD) and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) at public hospitals in North Shewa, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2023. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 pregnant women attending antenatal care. The study participants were selected using a systematic random sampling method. A pre-tested, structured, and interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect information about dietary diversity. The questionnaire was adapted from a validated and modified individual dietary diversity guideline, as recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The household food security level was determined using a standard set of questions derived from the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) measurement guide. The data were entered into EpiData version 4.6 software and exported to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 for analysis. The results from the bivariate analysis of p < 0.25 were moved to the multivariable logistics regression analysis model. Any statistical test with a p < 0.05 at a 95% confidence interval (CI) was considered statistically significant. The study revealed that 55.4% of the pregnant women had adequate dietary diversity. Being an urban dweller [adjusted odds ratios (AOR = 2.4. 95% CI: 1.1, 5.18)], being a housewife (AOR = 3.44, 95% CI: 1.37, 8.68), being employed (AOR = 3.69, 95% CI: 1.12, 12.16), being a merchant (AOR = 3.43, 95% CI: 1.15, 10.24), being a daily laborer (AOR = 3.66, 95% CI: 1.0, 13.45), having a low average monthly household income of <500 Ethiopian birr (ETB) (AOR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.83), practicing home gardening (AOR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.39, 4.5), meal frequency being three or more times per day (AOR = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.64, 5.09), and receiving dietary counseling during antenatal care (AOR = 3.56, 95% CI: 2.0, 6.35) were factors associated with the dietary diversity of the pregnant women. This study found that 55.4% of the pregnant women had adequate dietary diversity. Place of residence, women's occupation, average monthly household income, practicing home gardening, meal frequency per day, and receiving dietary counseling during antenatal care were strong predictors of adequate dietary diversity among pregnant women. Therefore, attention should be paid to pregnant women's diet by healthcare providers during antenatal care.

Alemu FT ，Desta AA ，Tola AG 《Frontiers in Nutrition》

Prevalence and factors associated with adequate dietary diversity among pregnant women in Nekemte town, Western Ethiopia, 2021.

Bikila H ，Ariti BT ，Fite MB ，Sanbata JH ... -  《Frontiers in Nutrition》

The prevalence of under nutrition and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care service in public hospitals of western Ethiopia.

Pregnancy is a time when the body is under a lot of stress, which increases your dietary needs. Under nutrition is a worldwide health issue, especially among pregnant women. Malnutrition during pregnancy can result in miscarriages, fetal deaths during pregnancy, pre-term delivery, and maternal mortality for both the mother and her fetus. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the prevalence of under nutrition and associated factors among pregnant woman attending antenatal care services at public hospitals in west Ethiopia. To assess the prevalence of under nutrition and associated factors among pregnant women attending Antenatal Care service in Public Hospitals of western Ethiopia. Facility based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 10 to May 10, 2020 among 780 pregnant mothers. The study participants were selected by systematic random sampling methods from antenatal care clinics of the hospitals. Interviewer administered structured questionnaire was used to collect the data and Mid-upper arm circumference, height and weight were measured to determine the magnitude of under nutrition among the study participants. The data were entered to Epi Info version 7.2.3, and then exported to SPSS version 24 for analysis. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors considering adjusted odd ratio (AOR) at p-value ≤ 0.05 to measure the strength of association between dependent and independent variables. The prevalence of under nutrition among pregnant women was found to be 39.2% (95%CI: 35.7%, 42.6%). Rural residence [(AOR = 1.97, 95% CI: (1.24, 3.14)], substance use [(AOR: 3.33, 95% CI: (1.63, 6.81)], low dietary diversity of women [(AOR = 7.56, 95% CI: (4.96, 11.51)], mildly food insecure household [(AOR = 4.36, 95% CI: (2.36, 8.79)], moderately food insecure household [(AOR = 3.71, 95%CI: (1.54, 8.79), and severely food insecure household [(AOR = 6.96, 95% CI: (3.15, 15.42)] were factors significantly associated with under nutrition. The study showed that the prevalence of under nutrition is very high among pregnant women. Factors associated with under nutrition of pregnant women were rural residency, household food insecurity, dietary diversity and substance use. All concerned bodies should made efforts to reduce the risk of under nutrition by reducing substance use and improving household food security there by to increase women's dietary diversity.

Tafara L ，Bikila H ，Feyisa I ，Desalegn M ，Kaba Z ... -  《PLoS One》

Covid-19 related factors to food security and dietary diversity among urban households in western Oromia, Ethiopia.

This study aims to assess factors associated with food security and dietary diversity among poor urban households of western Oromia, Ethiopia, after the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional, community-based study was conducted in May to June 2021 with 361 poor urban households in the Horo Guduru Wollega zone, western Oromia, Ethiopia. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data. Twenty-four hour reminder points were used to assess household dietary diversity, and household food security was assessed using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale tool. Data were evaluated using the statistical software SPSS version 25.0. This study showed a prevalence of food insecurity in households of 59.6%. The mean and standard deviation of household dietary diversity values were 4.19 ± 1.844. Family size (AOR = 8.5; 95% CI:3.295-21.92), monthly income (AOR = 3.52; 95% CI; 1.771-6.986), dietary diversity (AOR = 8.5; 95% CI; 3.92-18.59), knowledge (AOR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.08-)8.347), attitude (AOR = 8.35, 95% CI:3.112-22.39) and practices against Covid-19 (AOR = 2.12; 95% CI:1.299-11.4) were factors significantly associated with food insecurity. Variables like educational status (AOR = 3.46; 95% CI:1.44-8.312), increased family size after the Covid-19 pandemic (AOR = 2.26; 95% CI:1.02-5.04), food security (AOR = 6.7; 95% CI:4.01-19.01), knowledge (AOR = 3.96; 95% CI:1.57-10.0), attitude (AOR = 3.9; 95% CI:1.75-8.82) and practices toward coronavirus (AOR = 2.23; 95% CI:2.18-23.95) were predictors significantly associated with dietary diversity. This study concluded that family size, monthly income, and dietary diversity were factors contributed to household food security. On the other hand, variables such as educational status, family size, and food security were highly relevant factors for dietary diversity after the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices were also variables related to both household food security and dietary diversity. Therefore, immediate interventions such as nutrition-specific interventions can be suggested to address food insecurity and problems of inadequate food intake in poor urban households. In addition, governmental and non-governmental organizations should raise awareness and policies to support those at higher risk by developing affordable, sustainable and targeted social protection systems that ensure food security and adequate dietary intake at the household level.

Yazew T ，Daba A ，Hordofa L ，Garedew G ，Negash A ，Merga G ，Bakala T ... -  《-》

Dietary Practice and Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women at Public Health Institution in Mizan-Aman Town, Southwest Ethiopia.

A poor dietary intake of key macronutrients and micronutrients adversely affects pregnancy outcomes and neonatal health. The occurrence of dietary inadequacy during pregnancy is higher compared to any other stage of the life cycle. Therefore, this study aimed to assess dietary practice and associated factors among pregnant women. A facility-based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 378 pregnant women from March to May 2021 at the public health institution of Mizan-Aman town, southwest Ethiopia. A systematic random sampling technique was used to reach the study participants. The short food-frequency questionnaires and nutrition-behaviors checklist measurement were used to assess the dietary practice. Nine questions were applied to assess the dietary attitudes of the respondents. After the summation of the score, the respondent was categorized as favorable attitude if their score was > the median and unfavorable attitude if their score was ⩽ to the median of the score. The data were entered into Epi Data 3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21 software for analysis. Variables of P-value <.25 during bivariate logistic regression analysis were considered for multivariate analysis. Finally variables with an adjusted odds ratio of P-value <.05 along with a 95% Confidence interval (CI) were declared statistically significant. The overall magnitude of good dietary practice among pregnant women was 25.1% (95% CI: 20.9, 29.71%). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the variables having television/radio (AOR = 4.2, 95% CI: 1.8, 10.2), household food security (AOR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.0, 9.9), good dietary knowledge(AOR = 4.1, 95% CI: 1.98, 8.6), favorable dietary attitude (AOR = 4.34, 95% CI: 1.2, 8.7), monthly income of 1000 to 2000 Ethiopian birr (AOR = 3.7, 95% CI: 1.3,11.2) and >2000 Ethiopian birr (AOR = 7.0;95% CI: 3.3,15.4) were significantly associated with good dietary practice. The dietary practice among pregnant women was very low. The factors like having television/radio, good dietary knowledge, household food security, favorable dietary attitude, and monthly income of 1000 to 200 and greater than 2000 Ethiopian birr were significantly associated with the good dietary practice of pregnant women.

Girma Tilahun A ，Molla Kebede A ，Ejigu AG 《-》