Screen time and mental health: a prospective analysis of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.

Despite the ubiquity of adolescent screen use, there are limited longitudinal studies that examine the prospective relationships between screen time and child behavioral problems in a large, diverse nationwide sample of adolescents in the United States, which was the objective of the current study. We analyzed cohort data of 9,538 adolescents (9-10 years at baseline in 2016-2018) with two years of follow-up from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. We used mixed-effects models to analyze associations between baseline self-reported screen time and parent-reported mental health symptoms using the Child Behavior Checklist, with random effects adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, household income, parent education, and study site. We tested for effect modification by sex and race/ethnicity. The sample was 48.8% female and racially/ethnically diverse (47.6% racial/ethnic minority). Higher total screen time was associated with all mental health symptoms in adjusted models, and the association was strongest for depressive (B = 0.10, 95% CI 0.06, 0.13, p < 0.001), conduct (B = 0.07, 95% CI 0.03, 0.10, p < 0.001), somatic (B = 0.06, 95% CI 0.01, 0.11, p = 0.026), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms (B = 0.06, 95% CI 0.01, 0.10, p = 0.013). The specific screen types with the greatest associations with depressive symptoms included video chat, texting, videos, and video games. The association between screen time and depressive, attention-deficit/hyperactivity, and oppositional defiant symptoms was stronger among White compared to Black adolescents. The association between screen time and depressive symptoms was stronger among White compared to Asian adolescents. Screen time is prospectively associated with a range of mental health symptoms, especially depressive symptoms, though effect sizes are small. Video chat, texting, videos, and video games were the screen types with the greatest associations with depressive symptoms. Future research should examine potential mechanisms linking screen use with child behavior problems.

Nagata JM ，Al-Shoaibi AAA ，Leong AW ，Zamora G ，Testa A ，Ganson KT ，Baker FC ... -  《BMC PUBLIC HEALTH》

Erratum: Eyestalk Ablation to Increase Ovarian Maturation in Mud Crabs.

《Jove-Journal of Visualized Experiments》

Racial-Ethnic Discrimination and Early Adolescents' Behavioral Problems: The Protective Role of Parental Warmth.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between discrimination by multiple sources (ie, teachers, students, and other adults) and early adolescents' behavioral problems (ie, internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems), also considering the protective role of parental warmth in the association. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted with 3,245 early adolescents of color obtained from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study) at year 1 follow-up (Y1), a large and diverse sample of children (mean age = 9.48 years) in the United States. Racially-ethnically minoritized adolescents reported sources of discrimination, parental warmth, and symptoms of psychopathology. Regression with interaction terms was conducted to investigate the associations among sources of discrimination, parental warmth, and behavioral problems among racially-ethnically minority adolescents. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to examine (1) race/ethnicity and sex/gender variations; (2) whether the associations between different sources of discrimination and behavioral problems were reliably different; and (3) effects of discrimination, parental warmth, and their interplay at Y1 in predicting adolescents' behavioral problems at year 2 follow-up. Early adolescents experiencing interpersonal racial-ethnic discrimination by multiple sources, including teachers, students, and other adults, reported higher levels of attention, internalizing, and externalizing problems. Parental warmth was protective for the association between interpersonal racial-ethnic discrimination and early adolescents' behavioral problems. Experiencing interpersonal racial-ethnic discrimination from teachers, peers, and other adults is related to heightened attention, internalizing, and externalizing problems among racially-ethnically minoritized early adolescents. Parental warmth may reduce the risk of developing behavioral problems among early adolescents who experience interpersonal racial-ethnic discrimination from students, teachers, and other adults outside of school. In this cross sectional analysis of 3,245 early adolescents of color obtained from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, the authors found that early adolescents experiencing interpersonal racial-ethnic discrimination from multiple sources, including teachers, students, and other adults, reported higher levels of behavioral problems (ie, internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems). Parental warmth was found to be protective for the association between interpersonal racial-ethnic discrimination and early adolescents' behavioral problems. These findings emphasize the importance of assessing experiences of interpersonal racial-ethnic discrimination among racially-ethnically minoritized early adolescents and contribute to the understanding of parental warmth as a protective factor for early adolescents to cope with such experiences. We worked to ensure race, ethnic, and/or other types of diversity in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure sex and gender balance in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure that the study questionnaires were prepared in an inclusive way. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented sexual and/or gender groups in science. One or more of the authors of this paper received support from a program designed to increase minority representation in science. We actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our author group. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our reference list. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our reference list.

Yan J ，Jelsma E ，Wang Y ，Zhang Y ，Zhao Z ，Cham H ，Alegria M ，Yip T ... -  《-》

Prospective association between screen use modalities and substance use experimentation in early adolescents.

There are limited large-scale, prospective analyses examining contemporary screen use and substance use experimentation in early adolescents. The current study aimed to determine associations between eight forms of contemporary screen modalities and substance use experimentation one year later in a national cohort of 11-12-year-olds in the United States. The sample consisted of 8006 early adolescents (47.9 % female and 41.6 % racial/ethnic minority) from the prospective cohort data of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the prospective associations between screen time (eight different types and total) in Year 2 and substance use experimentation (alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, any substance use) in Year 3, adjusting for covariates and Year 2 substance use experimentation. Total screen time was prospectively associated with alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis experimentation. Each additional hour spent on social media (AOR 1.20; 95 % CI 1.14-1.26), texting (AOR 1.18; 95 % CI 1.12-1.24), and video chatting (AOR 1.09; 95 % CI 1.03-1.16) was associated with higher odds of any substance experimentation. Social media use and texting were also associated with higher odds of alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine experimentation; however, television/movies, videos, video games, and the internet were not. Moreover, video chatting was associated with higher odds of cannabis and nicotine experimentation. Our findings indicate that digital social connections, such as via social media, texting, and video chatting, are the contemporary screen modalities that are associated with early adolescent substance experimentation. Future research could explore the mechanisms underlying these associations to inform intervention strategies.

Nagata JM ，Shim J ，Low P ，Ganson KT ，Testa A ，He J ，Santos GM ，Brindis CD ，Baker FC ，Shao IY ... -  《-》

Defining the optimum strategy for identifying adults and children with coeliac disease: systematic review and economic modelling.

Elwenspoek MM ，Thom H ，Sheppard AL ，Keeney E ，O'Donnell R ，Jackson J ，Roadevin C ，Dawson S ，Lane D ，Stubbs J ，Everitt H ，Watson JC ，Hay AD ，Gillett P ，Robins G ，Jones HE ，Mallett S ，Whiting PF ... -  《-》