[Opticopathies in the differential diagnosis of retinal diseases - part 1].

Due to the close anatomical, functional and trophic relationships between the optic nerve and retina, a wide variety of diseases affecting both structures have reciprocal effects on each other, which must be considered in the differential diagnosis to avoid misdiagnosis. Therefore, it is essential to assess pathological changes in both structures in context to differentiate the type and location of the primary lesion from its consequences, as well as to correctly classify coincidences and disease-specific lesion patterns in both organ components.This article highlights the typical symptom constellations and lesion patterns of optic neuropathies and retinopathies. An attempt is made to identify the reciprocal characteristic relationships of the respective lesions in both structures in various disease groups, as well as to present their respective roles in the differential diagnosis.In the first part of the article, typical optic neuropathies in the context of various syndromic and non-syndromic retinal dystrophies are initially examined. Subsequently, the relationships between different hereditary and acquired mitochondriopathic optic neuropathies and possible accompanying retinal changes are analysed, and their pathogenesis and relevant differential diagnoses are discussed.It is demonstrated and exemplified how important it is in general, but also specifically in regard to the disease groups discussed in this article, to have a careful and targeted diagnostic approach in each case, considering both the retinal and optic nerve findings, in order to avoid misdiagnosis.

Lommatzsch C ，Spital G 《-》

[Opticopathies in the differential diagnosis of retinal diseases - part 2].

Due to the close anatomical, functional and trophic relationships between the optic nerve and retina, a wide variety of diseases affecting both structures have reciprocal effects on each other, which must be considered in the differential diagnosis to avoid misdiagnosis. Therefore, it is essential to assess pathological changes in both structures in context to differentiate the type and location of the primary lesion from its consequences, as well as to correctly classify coincidences and disease-specific lesion patterns in both organ components.This article highlights the typical symptom constellations and lesion patterns of optic neuropathies and retinopathies. An attempt is made to identify the reciprocal characteristic relationships of the respective lesions in both structures in various disease groups, as well as to present their respective roles in the differential diagnosis.In this second part, acquired optic neuropathies in the context of vascular and systemic diseases and possible accompanying retinal findings, as well as symptom constellations and courses, are differentiated, discussing arteritic and non-arteritic (anterior) optic neuropathies, their causes and differential diagnosis. The combined involvement of the optic nerve and retina in the context of posterior infectious and non-infectious uveitis is also shown. Finally, various dysgenetic optic neuropathies, their differentiation and possible retinal sequelae are presented.It is demonstrated and exemplified how important it is in general, but also specifically in regard to the disease groups discussed in this article, to have a careful and targeted diagnostic approach in each case, considering both the retinal and optic nerve findings, in order to avoid misdiagnosis.

Lommatzsch C ，Spital G 《-》

Optic neuritis: differential diagnosis.

Bianchi Marzoli S ，Martinelli V 《NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES》

Electrodiagnostic tests of the visual pathway and applications in neuro-ophthalmology.

This article describes the main visual electrodiagnostic tests relevant to neuro-ophthalmology practice, including the visual evoked potential (VEP), and the full-field, pattern and multifocal electroretinograms (ffERG; PERG; mfERG). The principles of electrophysiological interpretation are illustrated with reference to acquired and inherited optic neuropathies, and retinal disorders that may masquerade as optic neuropathy, including ffERG and PERG findings in cone and macular dystrophies, paraneoplastic and vascular retinopathies. Complementary VEP and PERG recordings are illustrated in demyelinating, ischaemic, nutritional (B12), and toxic (mercury, cobalt, and ethambutol-related) optic neuropathies and inherited disorders affecting mitochondrial function such as Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and dominant optic atrophy. The value of comprehensive electrophysiological phenotyping in syndromic diseases is highlighted in cases of SSBP1-related disease and ROSAH (Retinal dystrophy, Optic nerve oedema, Splenomegaly, Anhidrosis and Headache). The review highlights the value of different electrophysiological techniques, for the purposes of differential diagnosis and objective functional phenotyping.

Calcagni A ，Neveu MM ，Jurkute N ，Robson AG ... -  《-》

[New aspects in the problem of retinal and optic nerve diseases].

Neroev VV 《-》