Medications for opioid use disorder: Predictors of early discontinuation and reduction of overdose risk in US military veterans by medication type.
This study: (1) estimated the effect of early discontinuation of medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) on overdose probability and (2) measured the relationship between patient characteristics and early discontinuation probability for each MOUD type.
This was a retrospective cohort using electronic health record data from the US Veterans Healthcare Administration. Participants were veterans initiating MOUD with buprenorphine (BUP), methadone (MET) or extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) from fiscal years 2012-19. A total of 39 284 veterans met eligibility with 22 721 (57.8%) initiating BUP, 12 652 (32.2%) initiating MET and 3911 (10.0%) initiating XR-NTX.
Measurements (1) determined whether the veteran experienced an overdose in the 365 days after MOUD initiation (primary) and (2) early discontinuation of MOUD, defined as discontinuation before 180 days (secondary). We assumed that unobserved patient characteristics would jointly influence the probability of discontinuation and overdose. and estimated the joint distribution with a bivariate probit model.
We found that 9.0% of BUP initiators who experienced an overdose above the predicted 3.9% had no veteran-discontinued BUP early; findings for XR-NTX were similar, with 12.2% of initiators overdosing above the predicted 4.5%, but this was statistically inconclusive. We found no relationship between early discontinuation and overdose for MET initiators, probably due to the high risk of both events. The patient characteristics included in our post-estimation exploratory analysis of early discontinuation varied by MOUD type, with between 14 (XR-NTX) and 25 (BUP) tested. The only characteristics with at least one level showing a statistically significant change in probability of early discontinuation for all three MOUD types were geography and prior-year exposure to psychotherapy, although direction and magnitude varied.
Early discontinuation of buprenorphine, and probably extended-release naltrexone, appears to be associated with a greater probability of experiencing a fatal or non-fatal overdose among US veterans receiving medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD); methadone does not show the same association. There is no consistent set of characteristics among early discontinuers by MOUD type.
Hayes CJ
，Raciborski RA
，Nowak M
，Acharya M
，Nunes EV Jr
，Winhusen TJ
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Patient outcomes following buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder: A retrospective analysis of the influence of patient- and prescriber-level characteristics in Massachusetts, USA.
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is treatable with buprenorphine/naloxone (buprenorphine), but many patients discontinue treatment prematurely. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of patient- and prescriber-level characteristics relative to several patient outcomes following the initiation of buprenorphine treatment for OUD.
This was a retrospective observational investigation. We used the Public Health Data Warehouse from the Massachusetts Department of Public Health to construct a sample of patients who initiated buprenorphine treatment between 2015 and 2019. We attributed each patient to a prescriber based on information from prescription claims. We used multilevel models to assess the influence of patient- and prescriber-level characteristics on each outcome.
Massachusetts, USA.
The study cohort comprised 37 955 unique patients and 2146 prescribers. Among patients, 64.6% were male, 52.6% were under the age of 35 and 82.2% were White, non-Hispanic. For insurance coverage, 72.1% had Medicaid.
The outcome measures were poor medication continuity, treatment discontinuation and opioid overdose, all assessed within a 12-month follow-up period that began with a focal prescription for buprenorphine. Each patient had a single follow-up period. Poor medication continuity was defined as medication gaps totaling more than 7 days during the initial 180 days of buprenorphine treatment and treatment discontinuation was defined as having a medication gap for 2 consecutive months within the 12-month follow-up period.
The patient-level rates for poor medication continuity, treatment discontinuation and opioid overdose were 59.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 59.2-60.2], 57.4% (95% CI = 56.9-57.9) and 10.3% (95% CI = 10.0-10.6), respectively, with 1.1% (95% CI = 1.0-1.2) experiencing a fatal opioid overdose. At the patient level, after adjustment for covariates, adverse outcomes were associated with race/ethnicity as both Black, non-Hispanic and Hispanic patients had worse outcomes than did White, non-Hispanic patients (Black, non-Hispanic -- poor continuity: 1.50, 95% CI = 1.34-1.68; discontinuation: 1.44, 95% CI = 1.30-1.60; Hispanic -- poor continuity: 1.21, 95% CI = 1.12-1.31; discontinuation: 1.38, 95% CI = 1.28-1.48). Patients with insurance coverage through Medicaid also had worse outcomes than those with commercial insurance (poor continuity: 1.18, 95% CI = 1.11-1.26; discontinuation: 1.09, 95% CI = 1.03-1.16; overdose: 1.98, 95% CI = 1.75-2.23). Pre-treatment mental health conditions and other types of chronic illness were also associated with worse outcomes (History of mental health conditions -- poor continuity: 1.11, 95% CI = 1.06-1.17; discontinuation: 1.05, CI = 1.01-1.10; overdose: 1.47, 95% CI = 1.36-1.60; Chronic health conditions -- poor continuity: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.05-1.27; discontinuation: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.05-1.26; overdose: 1.83, 95% CI = 1.60-2.10; History of substance use disorder other than for opioids -- poor continuity: 1.54, 95% CI = 1.46-1.62; discontinuation: 1.54, 95% CI = 1.47-1.62; overdose: 1.93, 95% CI = 1.80-2.07). At the prescriber level, after adjustments for covariates, adverse outcomes were associated with clinical training, as primary care physicians had higher rates of adverse outcomes than psychiatrists (poor continuity: 1.12, 95% CI = 1.02-1.23; discontinuation: 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01-1.09). A larger prescriber panel size, based on number of patients being prescribed buprenorphine, was also associated with higher rates of adverse outcomes (poor continuity: 1.36, 95% CI = 1.27-1.46; discontinuation: 1.21, 95% CI = 1.14-1.28; overdose: 1.10, 95% CI = 1.01-1.19). Between 9% and 15% of the variation among patients for the outcomes was accounted for at the prescriber level.
Patient- and prescriber-level characteristics appear to be associated with patient outcomes following buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder. In particular, patients' race/ethnicity and insurance coverage appear to be associated with substantial disparities in outcomes, and prescriber characteristics appear to be most closely associated with medication continuity during early treatment.
Young GJ
，Zhu T
，Hasan MM
，Alinezhad F
，Young LD
，Noor-E-Alam M
... -
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Exemplar Hospital Initiation Trial to Enhance Treatment Engagement (EXHIT ENTRE): protocol for CTN-0098 an open-label randomized comparative effectiveness trial of extended-release buprenorphine versus treatment as usual on post-hospital treatment engagem
Hospitalizations involving opioid use disorder (OUD) are increasing. Addiction consultation services (ACS) initiate medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) in hospital settings and arrange post-hospital follow-up for ongoing MOUD care. Engagement in MOUD following hospital discharge is hampered by challenges in timely access to MOUD. This protocol describes an open-label randomized comparative effectiveness trial comparing ACS treatment as usual (TAU) to a single injection of a 28-day formulation extended-release buprenorphine (XR-BUP) on MOUD engagement 34-days following hospital discharge.
Six U.S. hospitals with ACS capable of prescribing all MOUD (i.e., methadone, buprenorphine, and extended-release naltrexone) recruit and randomize hospitalized patients with OUD who have not been on MOUD in the fourteen days prior to hospitalization. TAU may consist of any MOUD other than XR-BUP. Participants randomized to XR-BUP may receive any MOUD throughout their hospital stay and receive a 28-day XR-BUP injection within 72-hours of anticipated hospital discharge. There is no intervention beyond hospital stay. Participants are followed 34-, 90-, and 180-days following hospital discharge. The primary outcome is engagement in any MOUD 34-days following hospital discharge, which we hypothesize will be greater in the XR-BUP group. Randomizing 342 participants (171 per arm) provides 90% power to detect difference in the primary outcome between groups with an odds ratio of 2.1. Safety, secondary, and exploratory outcomes include: adverse events, MOUD engagement on days 90 and 180, opioid positive urine drug tests, self-reported drug use, hospital readmissions and emergency department visits, use of non-opioid drugs, fatal and non-fatal opioid overdose, all-cause mortality, quality of life, and cost-effectiveness. Data are analyzed by intention-to-treat, with pre-planned per-protocol and other secondary analyses that examine gender as an effect modifier, differences between groups, and impact of missingness.
Engagement in MOUD care following hospitalization in individuals with OUD is low. This randomized comparative effectiveness trial can inform hospital ACS in medication selection to improve MOUD engagement 34-days following hospital discharge.
NCT04345718.
Bart G
，Barth KS
，Baukol P
，Enns E
，Ghitza UE
，Harris J
，Jelstrom E
，Liebschutz JM
，Magane KM
，Voronca D
，Weinstein ZM
，Korthuis PT
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Emergency department utilization by individuals with opioid use disorder who were recently incarcerated.
Individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) are highly represented among the incarcerated population and are frequent utilizers of the emergency department (ED). Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) are a recognized treatment option for individuals with OUD. Although the field recognizes the benefits of MOUD, we know little about what mitigating effects MOUD offered in jail might have on post-release ED utilization.
In this retrospective cohort analysis, we searched electronic medical records (EMR) for incarcerations in the Santa Clara County jail between 8/1/2019 and 8/31/2021 for individuals with OUD (N = 4352) and collected demographic and medication administration data for these individuals. Individuals are considered as having received MOUD if they have at least one administration of methadone, naltrexone, or extended release (XR) buprenorphine during their incarceration. We also collected ED visit data from the same EMR for the 28 days following release from the identified incarcerations. Using logistic regression, we compared ED use within 24 h and 28 days for individuals who are incarcerated and treated with MOUD with those not receiving treatment.
Individuals who received methadone or XR buprenorphine during their incarceration were less likely to present at the 28 days following release than those not receiving treatment, after controlling for age, race, sex assigned at birth, preferred language, and housing status. Most individuals accessing the ED within 28 days of release do so within the first seven days, and the greatest volume occurred in the first 24 h. Individuals released before noon had a lower likelihood of ED presentation within 24 h than those released in the afternoon.
Offering methadone and XR buprenorphine to individuals with OUD who are incarcerated is beneficial in mitigating ED utilization within 28 days of release, although further research is needed to understand what other contributing variables, especially those related to follow-up care, could be influencing these results. If possible, release times for individuals could be shifted to the morning to maximize reduction in ED use within 24 h of release. Alternatively, further research should investigate why release times appear to influence ED utilization.
Will J
，Abare M
，Olson M
，Chyorny A
，Wilhelm-Leen E
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ResearchGate
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