Efficacy of a Modified Post-Transplant Cyclophosphamide Regimen for Unrelated Donor Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with Severe Aplastic Anemia: A Prospective Study.

The aim of the present study was to examine the efficacy of the modified post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) regimen, which involved reducing the Cy dose to 40 mg on days +3 and +4 in patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) subjected to unrelated donor allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (URD-HSCT). For this purpose, a prospective single-center trial was conducted and the clinical outcomes were collected from 30 patients with SAA treated with the modified PTCy regimen for URD-HSCT. The median time to neutrophil and platelet engraftment was 13 days (range, 11 to 16) and 12 days (range, 5 to 33), respectively. The cumulative incidence of neutrophil and platelet engraftment was 93.1% ± 0.3% and 96.6% ± 0.2%, respectively. The 2-year overall survival (OS) was 97% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 90%-100%] and 2-year graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and rejection-free survival (GRFS) was 93% (95% CI: 85%-100%). The incidence rates of acute GVHD (aGVHD) and chronic GVHD (cGVHD) were 13.8 ± 0.4% and 10.3 ± 0.3%, respectively, and no patients developed grades III-IV aGVHD. However, only one patient developed a moderate extensive cGVHD. The incidence of reconstitution varies among different subsets of immune cells after URD-HSCT. Natural killer (NK) cells recover first, followed by CD8+ T and CD19+ B cells, and finally CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the modified PTCy regimen, with a reduced dose of 40 mg on days +3 and +4, may be an effective regimen for URD-HSCT in patients with SAA and reduce the occurrence of the GVHD.

Chen X ，Chen C ，Zhou M ，Zhang Y ，Wang C ，Li Y ，Zhou R ，Xu S ，Zhou W ，Deng T ，Pan S ，Wu L ，Zhang Y ，Mo W ，Wang S ... -  《-》

Uniform Graft-versus-Host Disease Prophylaxis using Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate, and Cyclosporine following Peripheral Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation from Matched and Haploidentical Donors for Transfusion-Dependent T

Although the survival of patients with transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TD-TM) is reportedly inferior after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), the heterogeneity of transplantation approaches in studies suggests the need to assess the effect of conditioning regimen on matched and haploidentical transplantation outcomes. A novel post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy)-based approach for patients with TD-TM undergoing haploidentical HSCT was reported in our prior study. Here we aimed to retrospectively evaluate the real-world efficacy and safety of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis in patients with TD-TM after HSCT from matched donors and haploidentical donors (HIDs). In this retrospective multicenter study, among 238 patients with TD-TM who underwent HSCT, 160 underwent peripheral blood HSCT, using uniform GVHD prophylaxis with PTCy, methotrexate, and cyclosporine, at member centers of the Bone Marrow Failure Working Group of Hunan Province between 2019 and 2023. The median age of the cohort at transplantation was 6 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 6 to 7 years). The 160 donors included 99 (61.9%) haploidentical family members, 13 matched sibling donors, and 48 matched or mismatched unrelated donors. The engraftment rate was 98.8% (95% CI, 96.1% to 97.7%). HSCT from HIDs had a lower risk of mixed chimerism (HR, .078; P = .022). Within 100 days after transplantation, 31 patients (19.6%; 95% CI, 14.0% to 26.3%) had grade II-IV acute GVHD (aGVHD), 9 of whom had grade III-IV aGVHD (5.7%; 95% CI, 2.9% to 10.1%). HIDs were significantly associated with a higher risk of grade II-IV aGVHD (HR, 3.973; P = .009). Nineteen patients (11.9%; 95% CI, 7.6% to 17.6%) developed late aGVHD after a median of 516 days (95% CI, 407 to 709 days). Twenty-six patients (16.5%; 95% CI, 11.3% to 22.8%) exhibited any 1 of the diagnostic, distinctive, or atypical features of chronic GVHD (cGVHD) according to the 2014 National Institutes of Health (NIH) criteria after a median of 690 days (95% CI, 496 to 902 days). Among these 26 patients, 7 had NIH-defined cGVHD, 14 had only 1 distinctive sign with no histologic evidence, and 5 had only atypical cGVHD signs. Of the 26 patients, 5 were classified with overlap syndrome. Of 21 patients classified with NIH-defined and potential cGVHD, 3 had moderate cGVHD and 1 had severe cGVHD. Logistic regression analyses identified that grade II-IV aGVHD independently predicted subsequent cGVHD (HR, 3.920; P = .006). The rates of cGVHD were similar in the matched donor and HID groups. Thalassemia-free survival (TFS) and event-free survival (EFS) were 97.5% (95% CI, 94.2% to 99.2%) and 90.6% (95% CI, 85.4% to 94.4%), respectively, after a median of 690 days (95% CI, 496 to 902 days). TFS rates were similar in the matched donor and HID groups (P = .549). The EFS rate was significantly higher in the matched donor group compared to the HID group (P = .033). Our study suggests that when PTCy-based uniform GVHD prophylaxis is administered, HSCT from matched donors and HIDs results in a low incidence of severe GVHD and treatment-related mortality with satisfactory survival.

Gong S ，Tian X ，Yang R ，Yang L ，Wang Z ，Yang K ，Chen K ，He X ，Deng W ，Yang X ，Lei M ，Fu B ... -  《-》

Bone marrow versus peripheral blood allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for haematological malignancies in adults.

Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is an established treatment option for many malignant and non-malignant haematological disorders. Peripheral blood stem cells represent the main stem cell source in malignant diseases due to faster engraftment and practicability issues compared with bone marrow stem cells. Since the early 2000s, there have been many developments in the clinical field. Allo-HSCT using haploidentical family donors (haplo-HSCT) has emerged as an alternative for people who do not have human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched siblings or unrelated donors. In addition, the introduction of new methods and strategies in allo-HSCT, such as the use of post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PT-Cy), better donor selection, the more frequent administration of anti-thymocyte globulins (ATGs), but also improved management of side effects such as graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and infection, have impacted outcomes after allo-HSCT. In addition, as transplant indications and strategies continue to adapt in line with novel research findings, the effect of the stem cell source on post-transplant outcomes is unclear. For our analysis, we considered peripheral blood stem cells as the standard graft source for adults with haematological malignancies. This is an update of a review first published in 2014. To assess the effect of bone marrow transplantation versus peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in adults with haematological malignancies with regard to overall survival, disease-free survival, incidence of non-relapse or transplant-related mortality, incidence of extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), incidence of acute GvHD grades III to IV, incidence of overall chronic GvHD, and quality of life. For this update we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and two trials registries on 2 November 2022 with no language restrictions. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing bone marrow transplantation (BMT) with peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) in adults (aged ≥ 18 years) with haematological malignancies. Two review authors independently selected studies and extracted data. We evaluated risk of bias using the original Cochrane risk of bias tool (RoB 1), and we evaluated the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. The updated search identified no new studies for inclusion. We found two additional reports relating to a previously included study; they provided new data on quality of life and infection rates after transplantation. As these are clinically relevant outcomes, quality of life was added to the summary of findings table (replacing acute GvHD II to IV), and rate of infection was added to our list of secondary outcomes. We included nine RCTs with a total of 1521 participants. Overall, the risk of bias in the included studies was low. Median participant age across studies ranged from 21 to 45 years, and studies took place in Canada, the USA, New Zealand, Brazil, Australia, Egypt, and across Europe. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) compared with peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) likely results in little to no difference in overall survival (hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause death 1.07, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.25; 6 studies, 1330 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). There may be little to no difference between BMT and PBSCT in terms of disease-free survival (HR for disease recurrence or all-cause death 1.04, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.21; 6 studies, 1225 participants; low-certainty evidence) and non-relapse or transplant-related mortality (HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.28; 3 studies, 758 participants; low-certainty evidence). BMT compared with PBSCT likely results in lower rates of extensive chronic GvHD (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.90; 4 studies, 765 participants; moderate-certainty evidence) and overall chronic GvHD (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.85; 4 studies, 1121 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). BMT compared with PBSCT may reduce the incidence of acute GvHD grades III to IV, although the 95% CI of the HR is also compatible with no effect (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.02; 3 studies, 925 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Evidence from two trials that used different quality of life assessment instruments suggests that BMT compared with PBSCT may be associated with higher quality of life five years after transplantation. Moderate-certainty evidence suggests little to no difference in overall survival following allo-HSCT using bone marrow versus peripheral blood stem cells (the current clinical standard stem cell source). Low-certainty evidence suggests little to no difference between the stem cell sources in terms of disease-free survival and non-relapse or transplant-related survival. BMT likely reduces the risk of extensive chronic GvHD and overall chronic GvHD compared with PBSCT. Evidence from two RCTs suggests that BMT compared with PBSCT may result in higher long-term quality of life, possibly due to the lower chronic GvHD incidence. With this update, we aimed to supply the most recent data on the choice of stem cell source for allo-HSCT in adults by including new evidence published up to November 2022. We identified no new ongoing studies and no new RCTs with published results. Further research in this field is warranted.

Kiene S ，Albrecht M ，Theurich S ，Scheid C ，Skoetz N ，Holtick U ... -  《Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews》

Biologically Randomized Comparison of Haploidentical Versus Human Leukocyte Antigen-Matched Related Donor Reduced-Intensity Conditioning Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.

Using haploidentical donors for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) broadens transplant accessibility to a growing number of patients with hematologic disorders. Moreover, haploidentical HCT with post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) has become widespread practice due to accumulating evidence demonstrating favorable rates of survival and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Most studies comparing outcomes by donor sources have been confounded by variability in conditioning regimens, graft type (peripheral blood [PB] or bone marrow), and post-transplant GvHD prophylaxis (PTCy or non-PTCy), making it difficult to define the effect of donor source on outcomes. Levine Cancer Institute started a transplant and cellular therapy program in 2014, with both haploidentical and matched related donor (MRD) transplants initially performed using a uniform reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimen, PB grafts, and PTCy-based GvHD prophylaxis. This retrospective observational study was conducted to compare the clinical outcomes associated with RIC haploidentical HCT and MRD HCT in patients receiving identical conditioning regimens, graft types, and supportive care. Our transplant database was queried to evaluate demographic characteristics, clinical features, and outcomes of RIC HCT for consecutive patients with hematologic malignancies who received haploidentical or MRD grafts between March 2014 and December 2017. An MRD was the preferred donor source; when unavailable, a haploidentical donor was used. Sixty-seven patients underwent haploidentical HCT and 25 MRD HCT. Overall, characteristics of transplant recipients were similar for the haploidentical and MRD groups; however, haploidentical donors were younger than MRDs (median 36 yr versus 57 yr, P < .0001). Results of univariable analysis showed similar overall survival (OS) for haploidentical and MRD HCT (hazard ratio [HR], 1.15; 95% CI, 0.61 to 2.15; P = .669). One-year, 1-yr, and 5-yr OS were 80.2%, 54.7%, and 41.2% for haploidentical HCT and 76.0%, 55.7%, and 51.1% for MRD HCT, respectively. With a median follow-up of 81.90 months, results of multivariable analysis revealed that donor source (haploidentical versus MRD) was not significantly associated with OS (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.51 to 1.87; P = .933), relapse-free survival (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.42 to 1.35; P = .337), cumulative incidence of relapse (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.39 to 1.70; P = .579), or non-relapse mortality (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.40 to 3.14; P = .827). Cumulative incidences of acute GvHD (aGvHD) and chronic GvHD (cGvHD) were not significantly different for haploidentical and MRD HCT (grades II to IV aGvHD: HR, 1.78; 95% CI, 0.72 to 4.37; P = .210; grades III to IV aGvHD: HR, 2.84; 95% CI, 0.34 to 23.63; P = .335; cGvHD: HR, 1.00; 95% CI 0.36 to 2.76; P = .995). With care that was homogenous in terms of conditioning regimens, graft type, GvHD prophylaxis, and supportive care, 92 patients who were biologically randomized to either haploidentical HCT or MRD HCT after RIC with PTCy had comparable outcomes.

Grunwald MR ，Sha W ，He J ，Sanikommu S ，Gerber JM ，Ai J ，Knight TG ，Fasan O ，Boseman V ，Kaizen W ，Chojecki A ，Ragon BK ，Symanowski J ，Avalos B ，Copelan E ，Ghosh N ... -  《-》

[Efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation based on a total body irradiation conditioning treatment regimen for adult acute lymphocytic leukemia].

Xiao QQ ，Yu XL ，Song XC ，Hou YX ，Deng L ，Li WJ ，Zhou F ... -  《-》