Optimization and utilization of emerging waste (fly ash) for growth performance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plant and mitigation of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) stress.

The sustainable management of large amounts of fly ash (FA) is a concern for researchers, and we aim to determine the FA application in plant development and nematicidal activity in the current study. A pot study is therefore performed to assess the effects of adding different, FA-concentrations to soil (w/w) on the infection of chickpea plants with the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Sequence characteristic amplified region (SCAR) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region-based-markers were used to molecularly confirm M. incognita. With better plant growth and chickpea yield performance, FA enhanced the nutritious components of the soil. When compared with untreated, uninoculated control (UUC) plants, the inoculation of M. incognita dramatically reduced chickpea plant growth, yield biomass, and metabolism. The findings showed that the potential of FA to lessen the root-knot nematode illness in respect of galls, egg-masses, and reproductive attributes may be used to explain the mitigating effect of FA. Fascinatingly, compared with the untreated, inoculated control (UIC) plants, the FA treatment, primarily at 20%, considerably (p ≤ 0.05) boosted plant growth, yield biomass, and pigment content. Additionally, when the amounts of FA rose, the activity of antioxidants like superoxide dismutase-SOD, catalase-CAT, and peroxidase-POX as well as osmo-protectants like proline gradually increased. Therefore, our findings imply that 20% FA can be successfully applied as a potential strategy to increase biomass yield and plant growth while simultaneously reducing M. incognita infection in chickpea plants.

Haris M ，Hussain T ，Khan A ，Upadhyay SK ，Khan AA ... -  《-》

Interactive effect of Meloidogyne incognita and fly ash on the growth, physiology, and antioxidant properties of carrot (Daucus carota L.).

Alternative methods are needed to replace chemical nematicides because they have the potential to damage beneficial soil microbial diversity. Therefore, the present work was done to elucidate the soil ameliorative, plant-growth-promoting, and nematicidal properties of fly ash. A random block-designed pot experiment was conducted during the period, December 2018-February 2019. Seeds of carrot (Daucus carota L.) were sown under natural conditions in clay pots containing a growth medium comprising of field soil amended with different levels of fly ash. Plants were inoculated with Meloidogyne incognita that were molecularly characterized using 18S and D2/D3 fragments of 28S rDNA and morphologically through perineal pattern arrangement. The results revealed that fly ash application improved the soil's important physicochemical characteristics. The inoculation of M. incognita significantly reduced the plant growth, yield, and pigment content of carrot compared to the untreated uninoculated plants. Carrot grown in 15% fly ash (85:15 w/w field soil:fly ash) growth substrate had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved plant growth, yield, and pigment content as compared to the untreated inoculated plants. Moreover, the proline content and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were enhanced by applying 15% fly ash. Fly ash amendment to the soil not only improved plant growth and yield but also reduced the gall index and egg mass index per root system of the carrot as well. Our results, therefore, suggest that 15% fly ash can be used in a sustainable way to improve the growth, yield, and resistance of carrot against the infection of M. incognita.

Shakeel A ，Bhat AH ，Bhat AA ，Khan AA ... -  《-》

First report of Meloidogyne javanica on Ginger and Turmeric in the United States.

Hajihassani A ，Ye W ，Hampton BB 《-》

Eco-friendly dual-edged management of fly ash and its antagonistic interplay with Meloidogyne incognita on beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.).

Fly ash (FA) management is a key concern of ecologists around the world, so its potential as a nutritional supplement for agro-ecosystems needs to be explored. Therefore, alternate techniques that are eco-friendly to manage this emerging dual-edged waste are preferable in this field. The current study sought to determine the soil-modifying, crop yield improvement, and nematicidal properties of FA. In this study, beetroot seeds were sown in pots comprising field soil amended with differing proportions of FA (w/w) revealed the bio-fold properties of FA. Biomineralization and mapping of elements revealed that increased nutritional elements in soil supplemented with 15% FA induced growth-performance and yield of beetroot. Molecularly and morphologically characterized Meloidogyne incognita was used as nematode in this study for optimization of nematicidal properties FA. Plant growth performance, photosynthetic pigments, and yield of beetroot were significantly reduced owing to M. incognita as compared to control (un-treated and un-inoculated), and 15% FA reversed the negative effect of M. incognita significantly (P < 0.05) as compared to control plants. Confocal laser microscopy confirmed that 15% FA augmented in soil reduced nematode-juvenile invasion in beetroot as compared with control. The PCA (principal component analysis) accounted for 98.63% and 98.8% for the total-data variability in plants without nematodes and total data variability in treated plants (M. incognita + FA) respectively, which showed fit for a significant correlation between the various studied parameters in present study.

Shakeel A ，Khan AA ，Upadhyay SK 《-》

Effects of fly ash, Pseudomonas striata and Rhizobium on the reproduction of nematode Meloidogyne incognita and on the growth and transpiration of pea.

Siddiqui ZA ，Singh LP 《JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY》