Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the caregiver self-efficacy in contributing to patient self-care scale in China.

Caregiver self-efficacy is crucial in improving patient outcomes and caregiver well-being, but there is a lack of suitable scales to assess this concept within the context of Chinese culture. This study aimed to cross-culturally translate the Caregiver Self-Efficacy in Contributing to Patient Self-Care (CSE-CSC) Scale and evaluate its psychometric properties using classical test theory and item response theory. The CSE-CSC scale was adapted using Brislin's translation model after obtaining authorization from the original author. A multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the psychometric properties of this scale. Classical test theory was used to evaluate reliability (internal consistency, test-retest reliability), validity (content validity, structural validity, convergent validity), and floor and ceiling effects. Item response theory was employed to assess the fit of the rating scale model, reliability, item difficulties, and measurement invariance. The translation and cultural adaptation process was completed. Classical test theory demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.935) and test-retest reliability (ICC from 0.784 to 0.829, p<0.001). The I-CVI and K* of each item ranged from 0.875 to 1.00 and 0.871 to 1.00. The first-order 2-factor model fit well (χ2/df = 3.71, RMSEA = 0.082, SRMR = 0.032, CFI = 0.973, TLI = 0.60). Convergent validity showed that the CSE-CSC scores had a strong positive correlation with three separate scales of the CC-SC-CII. There was no floor and ceiling effect in this scale. Rasch analysis showed that the CSE-CSC scale demonstrated a good fit to the rating scale model and exhibited excellent reliability (person/item separation index>2, person/item reliability coefficients>0.8). The Wright map showed that item difficulty matched the respondents' measured abilities. The analysis of differential item functioning (DIF) showed that all items were comparable in gender. This study indicated that the CSE-CSC scale had good reliability, validity, difficulty degree, and measurement invariance. The CSE-CSC scale can be used to measure caregiver self-efficacy of Chinese patients with multiple chronic conditions.

Lv Q ，Zhang X ，Wang Y ，Xu X ，Zang X ... -  《BMC PUBLIC HEALTH》

Psychometric Testing of the Cross-Culturally Adapted Thai Version of the Caregiver Self-Efficacy in Contributing to Patient Self-Care Scale in Caregivers of Patients With Chronic Illnesses.

To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Caregiver Self-Efficacy in Contributing to Patient Self-Care Scale (CSE-CSC). The CSE-CSC scale was developed congruently with the Caregiver Contribution to Self-Care of Patient with Chronic Illness Inventory (CC-SC-CII) to assess caregiver self-efficacy (CSE), the motivation factor of caregiving. Its applicability in Asian populations, including Thailand, was limited. Psychometric tests were guided by COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) principles. This included translating the English version into Thai, following the principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation process for patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures. Nine nursing experts evaluated the content validity. The analysis included caregivers of patients with chronic conditions from 16 primary care centres in Thailand. We tested the structural validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and concurrent validity for CC-SC-CII-v2. We tested the scale's reliability with methods for multidimensional and unidimensional constructs, the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and measurement error variance. Kappa coefficient (k = 1.00) indicated the scale's excellent content validity. The final analysis included a total of 407 samples. The EFA with the first split-half subsample (n = 194) extracted a two-dimensional structure. One reflected CSE in Maintenance and Monitoring behaviour and another captured CSE in Management behaviour. CFA with the second split-half subsample (n = 213) and the overall sample (n = 407) supported the scale's bidimensional model with high factor loadings. Each dimension and the overall CSE-CSC scale positively correlated with each scale and the overall CC-SC-CII-v2. McDonald's ω and Cronbach's α (both ranged from 0.91-0.94) indicated excellent internal reliability. Test-retest reliability showed ICCs between 0.95 and 0.96. Measurement error yielded satisfactory results. Testing of the Thai CSE-CSC scale supported validity and reliability, indicating that the scale can apply to Thai caregivers. This scale can be used in clinical practice and research to evaluate CSE in contribution to patient self-care.

Chaiyawan S ，Suwanno J ，Bunsuk C ，Kumanjan W ，Klinjun N ，Srisomthrong K ，Thiamwong L ... -  《-》

Translation, validation, and reliability of the Modified Occupational Questionnaire into Bahasa Melayu among older persons in Malaysia.

A Modified Occupational Questionnaire (MOQ) is a self-report questionnaire that records the occupational engagement of an individual hourly, focusing on activity category, reason for doing the activity, value to self, and value to society. Understanding the patterns of occupational engagement and meaningful time use in older persons is crucial for predicting physical and psychological health and establishing occupation-based interventions to support healthy aging. However, the MOQ, originally developed in an English-speaking country and may potentially be less suitable for Malaysian older persons, who are predominantly Malay-speaking and have distinct cultural adaptations. This study aimed to translate the MOQ from English to Bahasa Melayu and evaluate its validity and reliability among older persons in Malaysia. The translation, validation, and reliability assessment process followed guidelines from the World Health Organization, with adaptations from Sousa and Rojjanasrirat's recommendations. The process encompassed five steps: forward translation, harmonisation of the forward translation, backward translation, pretesting and cognitive interviews, and psychometric testing to assess the validity and reliability. The Malay version of the MOQ (MOQ-M) demonstrated excellent item-level face validity index (I-FVI) and average scale-level face validity index (S-FVI/Ave), both scoring a perfect 1.00. Additionally, it exhibited excellent item-level content validity index (I-CVI) and average scale-level content validity (S-CVI/Ave), with scores ranging from 0.90 to 1.00 and 0.99 to 1.00, respectively. Internal consistency, measured using Cronbach's alpha, surpassed the minimum threshold for good reliability, with all three average scales in MOQ-M scoring between 0.84 and 0.99. Weighted average Cohen's Kappa coefficient revealed substantial agreement in the test-retest reliability across the three scales. The MOQ-M is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing meaningful time use among Malay-speaking older persons in Malaysia. There was no consumer and community involvement in this study. This study aimed to translate the Modified Occupational Questionnaire (MOQ) into Bahasa Melayu (MOQ-M). The MOQ is a tool used by occupational therapists to understand how unemployed people spend their time and the reasons they are doing it. The translation was necessary because the original version of the MOQ was developed in an English-speaking country and might not be suitable for the Malay-speaking population in Malaysia due to cultural differences. A careful process was followed to make sure the translation was accurate and reliable. The translated version, MOQ-M, was then tested with older persons, most of whom were unemployed, to learn about their daily activities and the reasons for doing them. Understanding their daily routines is important for predicting their health and well-being. The results showed that the MOQ-M worked well, providing useful and consistent information. This means that the tool is reliable and can be trusted to measure how older persons spend their time and what activities are important to them. With this information, programmes can be created to better support older persons, helping them live healthier and happier lives as they age. However, it is important to note that most of the study participants were Malay, so this may not fully represent the different cultural groups in Malaysia.

Ismail SF ，Harun D ，Rahim NDA ，Mohd Rasdi HF ，Ker KJ ... -  《-》

Translation, Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Version of the Confidence in Dementia Scale for Clinical Nursing: A Cross-Sectional Study.

To translate the 9-item Confidence in Dementia (CODE) scale into Chinese (Confidence in Dementia-Chinese, CODE-C) and evaluate its psychometric properties among clinical nurses. With the rapidly ageing population, an increasing number of patients with dementia will be cared for in hospitals. Clinical nurses' confidence in dementia care is crucial to provide quality care. A reliable and valid assessment tool is urgently needed to measure confidence in dementia and identify educational needs in hospitals. The CODE applies to other societies, and this study aims to standardise this scale for China. This was a cross-sectional study. Following the principles of Brislin bidirectional translation, literal translation, back-translation, expert consultation, cognitive debriefing and preliminary testing were performed, and the CODE-C was preliminarily revised. Internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities with a 2-week interval were tested, and an item analysis was conducted using the Pearson correlation coefficient method. Validity was evaluated, including content, construct, convergent, discriminant and criterion validity. A total of 452 Chinese-speaking nurses from three hospitals in Jinan, China, completed the survey. The scores of each item and the total score of the CODE-C were positively correlated (r = 0.626-0.802, p < 0.05). The difference between the high-score group and the low-score group for each item of the CODE-C was significant (p < 0.05). The Cronbach's α coefficient, Spearman-Brown coefficient and Guttman split-half coefficient of the CODE-C were 0.894, 0.842 and 0.838, respectively, and the test-retest reliability was 0.892. The scale- and item-level content validity indices were both 1.00. The confirmatory factor analysis model only marginally supported the three-factor structure. Positive correlations were noted between the CODE-C and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (r = 0.476, p < 0.01), suggesting acceptable concurrent validity. The CODE-C showed acceptable reliability and validity and can be applied to measure the level of confidence in dementia and the outcome of educational interventions aimed at enhancing dementia care among Chinese clinical nurses. The CODE-C can be used as a valid scale to assess the level of confidence in dementia among clinical nurses and help them recognise and improve their level of dementia care.

Jiang Q ，Li N ，Kong D ，Zhai Y ，Chen H ，Liu J ，Xiao P ，Chen Y ，Pei W ，Song J ... -  《-》

Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the stressors in breast cancer scale: a translation and validation study.

To translate the Stressors in Breast Cancer Scale (SBCS) from English to Chinese and assess its psychometric properties. The Brislin's translation model was applied to perform forward translation, back translation, cross-cultural adaptation, Whereas the Chinese version of the SBCS was formed by conducting pre-testing. A cohort of 878 breast cancer patients participated in this methodological study. Content validity, construct validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and criterion-related validity were used to establish validity. Internal consistency reliability, split-half reliability, and test-retest reliability were used to establish reliability. The final scale contained five dimensions and 24 items, including interpersonal relationship and healthcare strains, worries and concerns about the future, physical appearance and sex strains, daily difficulties and health. The average content validity index of the scale was 0.975. The goodness-of-fit index (χ2/DF = 2.416, RMSEA = 0.057, GFI = 0.896, CFI = 0.947, IFI = 0.947, and TLI = 0.939) indicated that the model was well-fitted. The composite reliability (CR) of the dimensions ranged from 0.825 to 0.934, the average variance extracted (AVE) ranged from 0.539 to 0.712, and the correlation coefficients of each dimension with the other dimensions were less than the square root of the AVE for that dimension. The Criterion-related validity was 0.511. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.938, and the dimensions ranged from 0.779 to 0.900. Split-half reliability was 0.853, with dimensions ranging from 0.761 to 0.892. Test-retest reliability was 0.855. The Chinese version of the SBCS has good reliability and validity, which can be applied to the assessment of stressors in breast cancer patients in China.

Hu W ，Bao J ，Yang X ，Ye M ... -  《BMC PUBLIC HEALTH》