Japanese translation and validation of the 12-item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale version 2.

Disability in ambulation has a critical impact on activities of daily living in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The 12-item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12) is a self-reported instrument developed to assess the impact of MS on walking. The scale's 12 items assess various aspects of walking-related tasks during the past 2 weeks. MSWS-12 has been used in multiple clinical studies and translated into several languages. In the present study, we translated the MSWS-12 into Japanese and evaluated its psychometric properties in a cross-sectional study. The original English MSWS-12 version 2 (v2) was translated into Japanese through a standard procedure. Sixty consecutive Japanese MS patients completed the newly prepared Japanese MSWS-12v2 questionnaire and repeated the test 14 days later. Physical disability was assessed by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), Timed 25-foot Walk (T25FW), and 9-hole Peg Test (9HPT). Cognitive performance was evaluated using the Processing Speed Test (PST). Fatigue and health-related quality of life were assessed using the Japanese versions of the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the Functional Assessment of MS (FAMS). The mean age of the patients was 42.5 years, with median disease duration of 10 years, and median EDSS of 2.0 (range 0, 6.5). Forty-seven patients (78.3 %) had relapsing-remitting, 9 (15.0 %) had secondary-progressive, and 4 (6.7 %) had primary-progressive phenotypes. The median score of the MSWS-12v2 was 5.95 (interquartile range 0, 50.6). Twenty-seven patients (45 %) scored the lowest possible score (0 points), while one (1.7 %) scored the highest possible score (100 points). Cronbach's alpha was 0.98 (95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.97, 0.98), and the test-retest intraclass correlation was 0.95 (95%CI 0.94, 0.96). MSWS-12v2 score was strongly correlated with EDSS (Spearman's ρ = 0.73 [95%CI 0.58, 0.83]), T25FW (ρ = 0.70 [95%CI 0.55, 0.81]), and total FAMS score (ρ = -0.80 [95%CI -0.88, -0.69]), and moderately correlated with 9HPT (ρ = 0.65 [95%CI 0.47, 0.77] for the dominant hand; ρ = 0.62 [95%CI 0.43, 0.75] for the non-dominant hand), PST (ρ = -0.65 [95%CI -0.78, -0.47]), and FSS (ρ = 0.68 [95%CI 0.52, 0.80]). Among the subcomponents of FAMS, the mobility subcomponent showed the most robust correlation with MSWS-12v2 score (ρ = -0.91 [95%CI -0.94, -0.81]). In patients with minimal or no objective disability (EDSS < 3.0, n = 40), only the mobility subcomponent of FAMS was strongly correlated with MSWS-12v2 score (ρ = -0.76 [95% CI -0.87, -0.58]). In contrast, correlations of MSWS-12v2 score with EDSS and T25FW were weak in this subgroup (ρ = 0.28 [95%CI -0.03, 0.55] for EDSS; ρ = 0.25 [95%CI -0.06, 0.52] for T25FW). Response patterns for the single items showed that 32.5 % of the patients with EDSS below 3.0 reported having problems with balance, followed by climbing stairs and standing while doing things (both 25 %). The Japanese version of the MSWS-12v2 developed in this study is reliable, valid, and helpful for screening walking disability in Japanese MS patients, including those with minimal objective disability.

Miyazaki Y ，Niino M ，Takahashi E ，Sato C ，Naganuma R ，Amino I ，Akimoto S ，Minami N ，Kikuchi S ... -  《-》

Erratum: Eyestalk Ablation to Increase Ovarian Maturation in Mud Crabs.

《Jove-Journal of Visualized Experiments》

Test-retest reliability of the Swedish version of the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale in people with mild to moderate multiple sclerosis.

Fatigue is a subjective lack of physical and/or mental energy and is commonly perceived by people with multiple sclerosis (MS). People with MS often describe fatigue as the most troublesome MS related impairment, and it also has a negative impact on ability to initiate or maintain activities as well as work capacity and health related quality of life. The Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) is a patient-reported outcome measurement of fatigue. The scale consists of 21 items divided into three subscales to capture the cognitive (10 items), physical (9 items) and psychosocial (2 items) dimensions of fatigue. MFIS is translated to Swedish but not evaluated for test-retest reliability for use in Swedish settings of rehabilitation or research. The aim of the study was to investigate the test-retest reliability of the total score and the scores of the subscales of the Swedish version of the MFIS in people with mild to moderate MS-disability. Eligible study participants were people with mild to moderate overall MS-disability according to the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) - EDSS score from 2.0 to 5.5. The included participants completed the Swedish version of MFIS at two occasions, one week apart. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) agreement was used to analyse the test-retest reliability of the total score and a quadratic weighted Cohen's kappa was used to analyse the subscale scores. Further, measurement error, smallest detectable change (SDC), and limits of agreement (LOA) were calculated for the total score of the whole sample. A total of 54 people with MS were included in the study. The mean age was 50 years and 70 % were female. The mean overall MS-disability were 3.7 according to the EDSS, 28 of the participants had mild MS-disability (EDSS 2.0 to 3.5) and 26 of the participants had moderate MS-disability (EDSS 4.0 to 5.5). Results of test-retest reliability for the whole sample of the total score of the MFIS were acceptable with an ICC value of 0.84, a measurement error of 8.2, an SDC of 22.6 and LOA of 23.3 and -22.4. The ICC values of the total score were also acceptable for the subgroups with mild MS-disability and moderate MS-disability with ICC values of 0.83 and 0.74. The kappa values for the whole sample showed excellent or fair to good test-retest reliability of the physical, cognitive and psychosocial subscales with values of 0.83, 0.84, and 0.75. The results of this study show that the total score of the Swedish version of MFIS is a reliable measure and a change of 23 points indicates a true change in fatigue impact in people with mild to moderate MS-disability. The test-retest reliability of the cognitive and the physical subscales were considered as excellent, and the psychosocial subscale as fair to good. The total score of the scale can be recommended for use in Swedish populations.

Sundström B ，Johansson S ，Wallin A 《-》

Translation, validation, and reliability of the Modified Occupational Questionnaire into Bahasa Melayu among older persons in Malaysia.

A Modified Occupational Questionnaire (MOQ) is a self-report questionnaire that records the occupational engagement of an individual hourly, focusing on activity category, reason for doing the activity, value to self, and value to society. Understanding the patterns of occupational engagement and meaningful time use in older persons is crucial for predicting physical and psychological health and establishing occupation-based interventions to support healthy aging. However, the MOQ, originally developed in an English-speaking country and may potentially be less suitable for Malaysian older persons, who are predominantly Malay-speaking and have distinct cultural adaptations. This study aimed to translate the MOQ from English to Bahasa Melayu and evaluate its validity and reliability among older persons in Malaysia. The translation, validation, and reliability assessment process followed guidelines from the World Health Organization, with adaptations from Sousa and Rojjanasrirat's recommendations. The process encompassed five steps: forward translation, harmonisation of the forward translation, backward translation, pretesting and cognitive interviews, and psychometric testing to assess the validity and reliability. The Malay version of the MOQ (MOQ-M) demonstrated excellent item-level face validity index (I-FVI) and average scale-level face validity index (S-FVI/Ave), both scoring a perfect 1.00. Additionally, it exhibited excellent item-level content validity index (I-CVI) and average scale-level content validity (S-CVI/Ave), with scores ranging from 0.90 to 1.00 and 0.99 to 1.00, respectively. Internal consistency, measured using Cronbach's alpha, surpassed the minimum threshold for good reliability, with all three average scales in MOQ-M scoring between 0.84 and 0.99. Weighted average Cohen's Kappa coefficient revealed substantial agreement in the test-retest reliability across the three scales. The MOQ-M is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing meaningful time use among Malay-speaking older persons in Malaysia. There was no consumer and community involvement in this study. This study aimed to translate the Modified Occupational Questionnaire (MOQ) into Bahasa Melayu (MOQ-M). The MOQ is a tool used by occupational therapists to understand how unemployed people spend their time and the reasons they are doing it. The translation was necessary because the original version of the MOQ was developed in an English-speaking country and might not be suitable for the Malay-speaking population in Malaysia due to cultural differences. A careful process was followed to make sure the translation was accurate and reliable. The translated version, MOQ-M, was then tested with older persons, most of whom were unemployed, to learn about their daily activities and the reasons for doing them. Understanding their daily routines is important for predicting their health and well-being. The results showed that the MOQ-M worked well, providing useful and consistent information. This means that the tool is reliable and can be trusted to measure how older persons spend their time and what activities are important to them. With this information, programmes can be created to better support older persons, helping them live healthier and happier lives as they age. However, it is important to note that most of the study participants were Malay, so this may not fully represent the different cultural groups in Malaysia.

Ismail SF ，Harun D ，Rahim NDA ，Mohd Rasdi HF ，Ker KJ ... -  《-》

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Arabic version of the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale-29.

Albishi AM ，Alruwaili MB ，Alsubiheen AM ，Alnahdi AH ，Alokaily AO ，Algabbani MF ，Alrahed Alhumaid LA ，Alderaa AA ，Aljarallah S ... -  《-》