River water pollution in Lebanon: the country's most underestimated public health challenge.

Due to the several interconnected crises that Lebanon has been facing for the past 4 years, many important social and environmental issues have been overlooked until more "pressing" ones are dealt with. Consequently, water pollution in Lebanon continues to worsen. This study aimed to describe the microbiological and chemical properties of the 10 main rivers in Lebanon and to assess their suitability for irrigation, while exploring some of the solutions to the problem. This cross-sectional study evaluated the pollution level of water from 10 rivers in Lebanon in June 2023 and their suitability for irrigation. Samples were collected at 3°C and their quality parameters were measured. Statistical analysis was conducted using R statistical software version 4.0.2. Compared to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) guidelines for safe irrigation water use, 4 out of the 10 samples had pH levels exceeding the permissible threshold, resulting in severe limitations on their usability. Three rivers had nitrate concentrations that exceeded the approved range, thus constraining their severe usage. Among the rivers, 60% had Escherichia coli levels higher than the permissible spectrum and 40% had faecal coliform counts exceeding FAO's upper limit recommendation. All water sources, however, had total dissolved solid levels that were within the recommended range. Polluted water can have a negative impact on human, wildlife and ecosystem health. Most of the assessed rivers in our study contained bacterial colonies, above the maximum recommended internationally. There is therefore an urgent need to address pollution issues in Lebanese waters to make them suitable for irrigation and other uses.

El Chamieh C ，El Haddad C ，El Khatib K ，Jalkh E ，Al Karaki V ，Zeineddine J ，Assaf A ，Harb T ，Sanayeh EB ... -  《-》

Water quality assessment of Lebanese coastal rivers during dry season and pollution load into the Mediterranean Sea.

Houri A ，El Jeblawi SW 《JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH》

Characterization of spatial and temporal patterns in surface water quality: a case study of four major Lebanese rivers.

Daou C ，Salloum M ，Legube B ，Kassouf A ，Ouaini N ... -  《-》

Nationwide Assessment of Water Quality in Rivers across Lebanon by Quantifying Fecal Indicators Densities and Profiling Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli.

Dagher LA ，Hassan J ，Kharroubi S ，Jaafar H ，Kassem II ... -  《Antibiotics-Basel》

Spatial and temporal assessment of surface water quality in the Arka River, Akkar, Lebanon.

Daou C ，Nabbout R ，Kassouf A 《-》