Pharmacokinetic evaluation of oral deracoxib in geese (Anser anser domesticus).

The integration of pain management in veterinary practice, driven by heightened animal welfare concerns, extends to avian species where subtle and nonspecific behavioral signs pose challenges. Given that safety concerns with classical NSAIDs highlight the need for more targeted alternatives in birds, this study explores the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of Deracoxib (DX), a COX-2 selective NSAID approved for use in dogs, following a single oral administration in geese. Six healthy female geese received 4 mg/kg DX. Blood was drawn from the left wing vein to heparinized tubes at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 h. Plasma DX concentrations were measured using HPLC coupled to an UV detector, and the data were pharmacokinetically analyzed using PKanalix™ software in a non-compartmental approach. The results indicated a terminal half-life of 6.3 h and a Tmax of 1 h, with no observed adverse effects. While refraining from claiming absolute safety based on a single dose, it is worth highlighting that further safety studies for DX in geese are warranted, suggesting a possibility for intermittent use. In addition, drawing conclusions on efficacy and suitability awaits further research, particularly in understanding COX-2 selectivity and protein binding characteristics specific to geese.

Fadel C ，Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B ，Poapolathep A ，Serih F ，Bourdo K ，Giorgi M ... -  《-》

Disposition kinetics of robenacoxib following intravenous and oral administration in geese (Anser anser domesticus).

Robenacoxib (RX) is a veterinary cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor drug. It has never been tested on birds and is only labelled for use in cats and dogs. The purpose of this study was to assess its pharmacokinetics in geese after single intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administrations. Four-month healthy female geese (n = 8) were used. Geese were subjected to a two-phase, single-dose (2 mg/kg IV, 4 mg/kg PO), open, longitudinal study design with a four-month washout period between the IV and the PO phases. Blood was collected from the left wing vein to heparinized tubes at 0, 0.085 (for IV only), 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 h. Plasma RX concentrations were measured using HPLC coupled to an UV detector, and the data were pharmacokinetically analysed using ThothPro™ 4.3 software in a non-compartmental approach. Following IV administration, terminal elimination half-life, volume of distribution, and total clearance were 0.35 h, 0.34 L/kg, and 0.68 L/h/kg, respectively. For the PO route, the mean peak plasma concentration was 6.78 μg/mL at 0.50 h. The t1/2λz was very short and significantly different between the IV and PO administrations (0.35 h IV vs. 0.99 h PO), suggesting the occurrence of a flip-flop phenomenon. The Cl values corrected for the F% were significantly different between IV and PO administrations. It might have been a consequence of the longitudinal study design and the altered physiological and environmental conditions after a 4-month washout period. The absolute oral F% computed with the AUC method surpassed 150%, but after normalizing it to t1/2λz, it was 46%. In conclusion, the administration of RX might not be suitable for geese, due to its short t1/2λz.

Fadel C ，Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B ，Lisowski A ，Laut S ，Poapolathep A ，Giorgi M ... -  《-》

Metronidazole pharmacokinetics in geese (Anser anser domesticus) after intravenous and oral administrations.

Metronidazole (MTZ) is a 5-nitroimidazole anti-bacterial and anti-protozoal drug. In human and companion animal medicine, MTZ remains widely used due to its effectiveness against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. In farm animals, however, MTZ is currently prohibited in several countries due to insufficient data on nitroimidazoles. The purpose of this study was to assess its pharmacokinetics (PK) in geese after single intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administrations. Fifteen-month old healthy male geese (n = 8) were used. Geese were subjected to a two-phase, single-dose (10 mg/kg IV, 50 mg/kg PO), open, longitudinal study design with a two-week washout period between the IV and PO phases. Blood was drawn from the left wing vein to heparinized tubes at 0, 0.085 (for IV only), 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24, and 48 h. Plasma MTZ concentrations were measured using HPLC coupled to an UV detector, and the data were pharmacokinetically analyzed using PKanalix™ software with a non-compartmental approach. MTZ was still quantifiable and well above the LLOQ at 24 h after both routes of administration. Following IV administration, terminal elimination half-life, volume of distribution, and total clearance were 5.47 h, 767 mL/kg, and 96 mL/h/kg, respectively. For the PO route, the bioavailability was high (85%), and the mean peak plasma concentration was 60.27 μg/mL at 1 h. When parameters were normalized for the dose, there were no statistically significant differences for any of the PK parameters between the two routes of administration. The study shows that oral administration of MTZ seems to be promising in geese, although comprehensive research on its pharmacodynamics and multiple-dose studies are necessary before its adoption in geese can be further considered.

Fadel C ，Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B ，Bourdo K ，Poapolathep A ，Hassoun G ，Giorgi M ... -  《-》

Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin after oral and intravenous administration in Biłgorajska geese (Anser anser domesticus).

Sartini I ，Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B ，Krupa M ，Lisowski A ，Poapolathep A ，Giorgi M ... -  《-》

Comparative disposition kinetics of oral deracoxib in sheep and goats.

This study investigates the pharmacokinetics (PK) of deracoxib (DX), a selective COX-2 inhibitor, in sheep and goats following a single oral dose. DX, approved for dogs, holds potential as an alternative NSAID in small ruminants, particularly in light of heightened concern regarding abomasal ulceration. The study employed an oral administration of DX at a dose of 150 mg/head (sheep and goats), and plasma concentrations were determined after validating a high-performance liquid chromatography method, coupled to a UV detector. The PK parameters, including maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach Cmax (Tmax), elimination half-life (t1/2), and area under the curve (AUC), were evaluated through non-compartmental analysis. Results showed detectable DX in plasma up to 48 h, with no observed adverse effects. No significant differences in any PK parameters were noted between sheep and goats. Notably, t1/2 values were relatively long, at 16.66 h for sheep and 22.86 h for goats. Despite the fact that both species exhibited comparable drug exposure, high individual variability was noted within each species, suggesting to take into account individual variations in response to DX treatment, rather than species-specific considerations. Additional research involving pharmacodynamics and multiple-dose studies is warranted to comprehensively assess the profile of DX in these species.

Fadel C ，Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B ，Lisowski A ，Serih F ，Poapolathep A ，Giorgi M ... -  《-》