Impact of repeated mass ivermectin administration using a community directed approach on L. loa infection in Chrysops silacea of the rain forest and forest savanna of Cameroon.

Loiasis is an endemic filarial infection in the rainforest zone of West and Central Africa. Repeated annual community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) delivered for several years to control onchocerciasis has been shown to reduce the prevalence and intensity of Loiasis in some Loa loa-Onchocerca volvulus co-endemic areas. However, the impact of these multiple rounds of CDTI on entomological indicators of loiasis transmission is not known, and was therefore assessed in this study in areas with contrasting histories of CDTI. The study was conducted in the East, North-west and South-west 1 CDTI project sites of Cameroon. Two communities per CDTI project were selected for fly collection and dissection. Ivermectin treatment coverage was documented in these areas, and this was correlated to Chrysops infection and infective rates. A total of 7029 female Chrysops were collected from 6 communities of the 3 CDTI projects (East, North-west, and South-west 1) and from 2 communities in a non-CDTI district (East). Chrysops biting densities and parous rates were significantly reduced in the North-west and South-west sites post-CDTI, while in the East, biting densities were similar in non-CDTI and CDTI sites, with higher parous rates observed in the non-CDTI site. Infection and infective rates in the East non-CDTI site were 4.4% and 1.8% respectively, as compared to 3.3% and 1.3% in the CDTI site after 10 ivermectin rounds (there were no baseline data for the latter). In the North-west site, significant reductions in Chrysops infection and infective rates from 10.2% and 4.2% respectively, to 3.5% and 1.2 (after 9 rounds of ivermectin treatment), were recorded following CDTI. In the South-west, infection rate significantly increased from 1.74% to 2.8% and infective rate remained statistically unchanged after 14 rounds of CDTI (0.45% - 0.40%). Similar trends in Mean Head L3 were observed except in the East site where this indicator was similar in both CDTI and control sites. Only in the North-west site did monthly transmission potentials decrease significantly. This study demonstrated that the impact of repeated annual treatment with ivermectin for the control of onchocerciasis using community directed delivery approach on the entomological indicators of loiasis varies with bioecological zones. Community directed treatment with ivermectin induced a significant reduction in the entomological indicators of loiasis in the North-West project site which lies in forest savanna area. A non-significant decrease was observed in the East project site and in contrast, a significant increase was observed in the South-West 1 project site which both lies in the rainforest zones.

Amambo GN ，Fombad FF ，Chounna Ndongmo PW ，Abong RA ，Njouendou AJ ，Beng AA ，Nji TM ，Esum ME ，Fru-Cho J ，Manuel R ，Kebede D ，Enyong PI ，Hoerauf A ，Koudou B ，Bockarie M ，Wanji S ... -  《-》

Impact of repeated annual community directed treatment with ivermectin on loiasis parasitological indicators in Cameroon: Implications for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis elimination in areas co-endemic with Loa loa in Africa.

Wanji S ，Chounna Ndongmo WP ，Fombad FF ，Kengne-Ouafo JA ，Njouendou AJ ，Longang Tchounkeu YF ，Koudou B ，Bockarie M ，Fobi G ，Roungou JB ，Enyong PA ... -  《PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases》

Impact of repeated ivermectin treatments against onchocerciasis on the transmission of loiasis: an entomologic evaluation in central Cameroon.

Kouam MK ，Tchatchueng-Mbougua JB ，Demanou M ，Boussinesq M ，Pion SD ，Kamgno J ... -  《-》

Situation analysis of parasitological and entomological indices of onchocerciasis transmission in three drainage basins of the rain forest of South West Cameroon after a decade of ivermectin treatment.

Wanji S ，Kengne-Ouafo JA ，Esum ME ，Chounna PW ，Tendongfor N ，Adzemye BF ，Eyong JE ，Jato I ，Datchoua-Poutcheu FR ，Kah E ，Enyong P ，Taylor DW ... -  《-》

Chrysops silacea biting densities and transmission potential in an endemic area of human loiasis in south-west Cameroon.

Wanji S ，Tendongfor N ，Esum ME ，Enyong P ... -  《-》