Cytomegalovirus Reactivations in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation from HLA-Matched and Haploidentical Donors with Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivations cause significant morbidity in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis with post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) is associated with an increased risk of CMV infections. Data are limited comparing HSCT with PTCy performed from matched sibling donors (MSDs), matched unrelated donors (MUDs), and haploidentical (Haplo) donors. In the present study, we aimed to characterize CMV reactivation and recurrence in patients with hematologic malignancies undergoing HSCT from MSD, MUD, and Haplo donors using PTCy as GVHD prophylaxis in the pre-letermovir era. We also analyzed risk factors of CMV reactivation, including GVHD as a time-dependent variable, on the incidence and mortality associated with CMV infections. We analyzed CMV reactivation in patients undergoing HSCT from 160 MSDs, 124 MUDs, and 82 Haplo donors from a single institution. Uniform GVHD prophylaxis with PTCy, sirolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil was given irrespective of donor type. Overall, 46% of patients had at least 1 CMV reactivation. The 1-year cumulative incidence of CMV infection was 39% for MSD, 44% for MUD, and 62% for Haplo donors (P < .001), with 96% of reactivations occurring before day +100. Multivariate analysis identified factors associated with the first CMV reactivation, including Haplo donor, positive recipient CMV serology, older patient age, and grade II-IV acute GVHD. The 1-year cumulative incidence of second reactivation from HSCT was 13%. Recipient CMV seropositivity, older patient age, and grade II-IV acute GVHD, but not type of donor, were identified as adverse factors for second CMV reactivation in multivariate analysis. The 1-year cumulative incidence of a third reactivation post HSCT was 4.4%. Ten cases of CMV disease were recorded, with no attributable deaths. Nevertheless, the risk for nonrelapse mortality was greater for patients who experienced CMV reactivation in multivariate time-dependent Cox model analysis. CMV reactivation is frequent in HSCT with PTCy in patients not receiving letermovir prophylaxis. Identified risk factors include the use of a Haplo donor, recipient CMV seropositivity, and grade II-IV acute GVHD. The prevalence of recurrent CMV reactivations is a noteworthy issue, especially after acute GVHD, warranting trials of secondary prophylaxis strategies.

Chorão P ，Henriques M ，Villalba M ，Montoro J ，Balaguer-Roselló A ，González EM ，Gómez MD ，Gómez I ，Solves P ，Santiago M ，Asensi P ，Lamas B ，Bataller A ，Granados P ，Eiris J ，Martínez D ，Louro A ，Rebollar P ，Perla A ，Salavert M ，de la Rubia J ，Sanz MÁ ，Sanz J ... -  《-》

Outcome of Haploidentical Peripheral Blood Allografts Using Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide Compared to Matched Sibling and Unrelated Donor Bone Marrow Allografts in Pediatric Patients with Hematologic Malignancies: A Single-Center Analysis.

The introduction of post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis has made haploidentical (haplo) hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) a common approach in adults, but pediatric experience is limited. Based on the encouraging adult data and with the aim of decreasing the risk of graft failure, our center is increasingly using peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) from haplo donors with PTCy. Here we compare outcomes of bone marrow (BM) transplantation with traditional donor choices, including matched sibling donors (MSDs) and 10/10 HLA matched unrelated donors (MUDs), with those of haplo PBSC grafts in pediatric patients with hematologic malignancies. In this retrospective single-center study, the primary endpoint was the comparison of GVHD-free relapse-free survival (GRFS; defined as absence of acute GVHD [aGVHD] grade III-IV, relapse, death, or chronic GVHD [cGVHD] requiring systemic therapy) for the 3 cohorts. Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), relapse-free survival (RFS), nonrelapse mortality (NRM), and incidence of aGVHD and cGVHD). A total of 104 consecutive patients underwent first allogeneic (allo)-HSCT for a hematologic malignancy or myelodysplastic syndrome between January 2014 and December 2020 using a haplo family donor (PBSCs; n = 26), an MSD (BM; n = 31), or an MUD (BM; n = 47). Patient demographic and transplantation characteristics were not significantly different across the cohorts, apart from remission status, with the haplo cohort having more patients in third or later complete remission before HSCT (P < .01). The median duration of follow-up for the entire cohort was 573 days. The cumulative incidence of aGVHD (grade II-IV or grade III-IV) was not significantly different among the cohorts; however, the cumulative incidence of cGVHD at 18 months was highest in the MUD cohort (31.7%, versus 10.0% in the MSD cohort and 9.2% in the haplo cohort; P = .02). There were no differences in the 18-month cumulative incidence of relapse or NRM. OS and RFS at 18 months were 80.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 61.7% to 100%) and 73.8% (95% CI, 55.5% to 98.1%) for the haplo cohort, 83.4% (95% CI, 72.8% to 95.5%) and 70.3% (95% CI, 57.9% to 85.3%) for the MUD cohort, and 80.9% (95% CI, 66.9% to 97.7%) and 66.5% (95% CI, 50.5% to 87.5%) for the MSD cohort, with no statistically significant differences among the cohorts. GRFS at 18 months was 61% (95% CI, 43.3% to 85.9%) for the haplo cohort, 44.6% (95% CI, 31.8% to 62.5%) for the MUD cohort, and 62.1% (95% CI, 45.7% to 84.3%) for the MSD cohort (P = .26). Haploidentical PBSC HSCT with PTCy had comparable outcomes to MSD and MUD BM HSCT and less cGVHD compared with MUD BM HSCT in children. The logistical advantages and lower resource burden of haplo HSCT with PBSCs make it a feasible alternative to MUD HSCT in children with hematologic malignancies. Given that this is a retrospective comparison of transplantation platforms rather than donor types, further prospective studies are warranted. © 2021 American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Srinivasan A ，Raffa E ，Wall DA ，Schechter T ，Ali M ，Chopra Y ，Kung R ，Chiang KY ，Krueger J ... -  《-》

Results of a 2-arm, phase 2 clinical trial using post-transplantation cyclophosphamide for the prevention of graft-versus-host disease in haploidentical donor and mismatched unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

High-dose, post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) has improved outcomes in haploidentical (HAPLO) stem cell transplantation (SCT). However, it remains unclear whether this strategy is effective in SCT from 1-antigen human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched unrelated donors (9/10 MUD) and how the outcomes of these patients compare with those of haploidentical transplantation recipients. A parallel, 2-arm, nonrandomized phase 2 clinical trial was conducted of melphalan-based reduced-intensity conditioning with PTCy, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil to prevent GVHD in patients with high-risk hematologic malignancies who underwent HAPLO (n = 60) or 9/10 MUD (n = 46) SCT. The 1-year overall and progression-free survival rates were 70% and 60%, respectively, in the HAPLO arm and 60% and 47%, respectively, in the 9/10 MUD arm. The day +100 cumulative incidence of grade II to IV acute GVHD and grade III to IV acute GVHD was 28% and 3%, respectively, in the HAPLO arm and 33% and 13%, respectively, in the 9/10 MUD arm. The 2-year cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD was 24% in the HAPLO arm and 19% in the 9/10 MUD arm. The 1-year cumulative incidence of nonrelapse mortality was 21% in the HAPLO arm and 31% in the 9/10 MUD arm, and the 1-year relapse rate was 19% in the HAPLO arm and 25% in the 9/10 MUD arm. Although this was a nonrandomized study and could not serve as a direct comparison between the 2 groups, the authors conclude that PTCy-based GVHD prophylaxis is effective for both HAPLO and 9/10 MUD SCTs. Prospective randomized trials will be required to compare the efficacies of alternative donor options for patients lacking HLA-matched donors. Cancer 2016;122:3316-3326. © 2016 American Cancer Society.

Gaballa S ，Ge I ，El Fakih R ，Brammer JE ，Kongtim P ，Tomuleasa C ，Wang SA ，Lee D ，Petropoulos D ，Cao K ，Rondon G ，Chen J ，Hammerstrom A ，Lombardi L ，Alatrash G ，Korbling M ，Oran B ，Kebriaei P ，Ahmed S ，Shah N ，Rezvani K ，Marin D ，Bashir Q ，Alousi A ，Nieto Y ，Qazilbash M ，Hosing C ，Popat U ，Shpall EJ ，Khouri I ，Champlin RE ，Ciurea SO ... -  《-》

Comparative Outcomes after Haploidentical or Unrelated Donor Bone Marrow or Blood Stem Cell Transplantation in Adult Patients with Hematological Malignancies.

Most patients eligible for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation will require identification of an alternate (unrelated or mismatched related) donor. We explored the transplantation outcomes for a sequential series of 54 patients undergoing haploidentical donor transplantation (HAPLO) compared to those from a control group of patients receiving cells from matched or mismatched unrelated donors (URD) selected by diagnosis and stem cell source. Patients undergoing HAPLO transplantations received graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis with post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (Cy). Day 15 neutrophil recovery was lower after HAPLO than in URD recipients (43% versus 77%, P < .001), as was day 30 platelet recovery (67% versus 84%, P = .043). HAPLO patients receiving bone marrow achieved neutrophil engraftment at a median of 17 days and platelet engraftment at a median of 29 days, compared with 16 days and 24 days, respectively, for recipients of peripheral blood stem cells. The incidence of graft failure was similar for both HAPLO and URD recipients (P = .42). HAPLO recipients were more likely to reach donor CD3 chimerism >95% by day 28 after transplantation (88% versus 62%, P = .003). The cumulative incidence of grades II to IV acute GVHD (aGVHD) at 6 months after transplantation did not differ for these 2 groups (63% for HAPLO and 53% for URD recipients; P = .269), nor did the cumulative incidence of severe grade III/IV aGVHD (13% for HAPLO and 8% for URD recipients; P = .44). The cumulative incidence of moderate or severe chronic GVHD at 2 years did not differ, with probabilities of 24% for HAPLO and 18% for URD recipients (P = .43). The cumulative incidence of cytomegalovirus reactivation by day 100 after transplantation did not differ (45% for HAPLO and 46% for URD recipients; P = .96). The HAPLO recipients experienced a lower incidence of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation by day 100 (6% versus 32%, P < .001) but a higher incidence of Human Herpesvirus-6 reactivation (35% versus 10%, P = .001). Relapse risk, regimen-related mortality, progression-free survival, and overall survival probabilities did not differ between these 2 groups. These data support the use of HAPLO transplantation with post-transplantation Cy as an alternate transplantation technique for patients lacking HLA-matched sibling donors. Transplantation of peripheral blood stem cells does not appear to enhance the speed of neutrophil recovery. The different patterns of viral reactivation require additional studies to explain.

Baker M ，Wang H ，Rowley SD ，Cai L ，Pecora AL ，Skarbnik A ，Vesole DH ，Adler-Brecher B ，Kim D ，Donato ML ... -  《-》

Risk of Cytomegalovirus Infection with Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide in Haploidentical and HLA-Matched Unrelated Donor Transplantation.

Post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) is effective for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prevention but is associated with an increased risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. The effect of PTCy on CMV infection in matched unrelated donor (MUD) hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is unclear, and whether there is any difference in CMV risk with 1 or 2 doses of PTCy is not well established. This study aimed to compare the incidence of CMV infection and the association between T cell recovery in patients who received PTCy-based GVHD prophylaxis and those who received non-PTCy-based GVHD prophylaxis. We conducted a retrospective study to compare the risk of CMV infection in 3 cohorts: cohort A (n = 94), matched related donor (MRD)/MUD HSCT with calcineurin inhibitor-based GVHD prophylaxis; cohort B (n = 103), MRD/MUD HSCT with 1 dose of PTCy, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF); and cohort C (n = 28), haploidentical donor HSCT with 2 doses of PTCy, tacrolimus, and MMF. The day +100 cumulative incidence of CMV infection was 29% for cohort A, 39% for cohort B, and 61% for cohort C (P = .009), with no difference among the cohorts in the duration of viremia (P = .46). CD3+ and CD4+ T cell counts were significantly higher in cohort A at day +30 but not at days +60 and +90. Nonrelapse mortality (NRM) trended higher and relapse was significantly lower with PTCy. There was no difference in survival among the 3 cohorts. There is an increased risk of early CMV infection in patients receiving PTCy irrespective of donor type and number of PTCy doses compared with those not receiving PTCy. Strategies focusing on CMV prevention in PTCy recipients to mitigate the risk of NRM may lead to improved long-term outcomes.

Jamy O ，Hebert C ，Dunn-Valadez S ，Magnusson T ，Watts N ，McGwin G ，Saad A ... -  《-》