Burden of Stomach Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Disability-Adjusted Life Years, and Risk Factors in 204 Countries, 1990-2019: An Examination of Global Burden of Disease 2019.

Stomach cancer is a global health problem and is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. This study investigates the spatial and temporal patterns of stomach cancer burden in 204 countries in the last three decades. The estimates of stomach cancer burden and its risk factors were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study, covering the years 1990 to 2019, across 204 countries within 21 world regions. GBD employs the cause-of-death ensemble modeling framework to calculate disease-specific mortality estimates. Estimated average percent change (EAPC) of absolute counts (incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)) and age-standardized rates (age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDALR)) was calculated in the regions to illustrate the relative changes between 1990 and 2019. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze global trends of stomach cancer burden in the last three decades. Incidence of stomach cancer globally increased from 883,396 cases in 1990 to 1.3 million cases in 2019 and number of deaths due to stomach cancer rose from 788,317 in 1990 to 957,185 in 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, the global ASIR decreased from 22.4 per 100,000 to 15.6 per 100,000, the ASMR decreased from 20.5 per 100,000 to 11.9 per 100,000 and the ASDALR declined from 493.4 per 100,000 to 290.6 per 100,000. Trend analysis using joinpoint regression revealed the slowest rise in incident cases and largest decline in ASIR between 2004 and 2016. In 2019, East Asia had the highest number of incident cases, totaling 626,489, followed by high-income Asia-Pacific (128,168) and South Asia (99,399). The ASIR was the highest in East Asia (30.2/100,000) followed by high-income Asia-Pacific (28.2/100,000) and Andean Latin America (22.4/100,000), while high-income North America had the lowest ASIR at 6.1/100,000. In terms of absolute counts, the top three countries in 2019 were China, India, and Japan together accounting for 61.5% of global incident cases, 58.6% of deaths, and DALYs. Mongolia had the highest ASIR (43.7 per 100,000), followed by Bolivia (34.0 per 100,000) and China (30.6 per 100,000) in 2019, while the lowest ASIR was 3.3 per 100,000 in Malawi. Globally, for both sexes combined, 7.8% of stomach cancer DALYs were associated with a diet high in sodium and 17.2% were linked to smoking. Among males, 24.0% of stomach cancer DALYs were attributable to smoking, compared to only 4.3% in females in 2019. Significant progress has been made globally in the fight against stomach cancer, with the ASIR decreasing by 30.3% and the ASMR by 41.2% between 1990 and 2019. To further reduce the burden of stomach cancer, it is essential to address factors such as Helicobacter pylori prevalence, obesity, and smoking. Additionally, improvements in early detection, socioeconomic development (including better public sanitation, hygiene, and drinking water), and dietary habits are imperative.

Sharma R 《-》

Burden of uterine cancer in China from 1990 to 2021 and 15-year projection: a systematic analysis and comparison with global levels.

Uterine cancer (UC) is one of the prevalent malignancies in the female reproductive system. Estimating the burden trends of UC is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies at the national level. However, there has been no comprehensive analysis of the UC burden in China. We focused on the evaluation of the burden trends of UC in China over the past 32 years to provide a 15-year projection, comparing it with global levels. Data on incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were extracted from Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 to describe the burden of UC in China. Joinpoint regression analysis was employed to describe the temporal trends of UC in China and globally over the past 32 years. A Bayesian age-period-cohort model was utilized to predict the trends of UC in the next 15 years. Spearman correlation analysis was used to compare the relationship between ASIR, ASPR, ASMR, ASDR, and SDI in UC in China and globally. Changes in ASMR and ASDR in UC caused by high BMI in China and globally from 1990 to 2021 were explored. In 2021, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) of UC in China were 6.65, 46.52, 1.24, and 37.86 (per 100,000 population) respectively. Compared to 1990, the ASMR and ASDR decreased by 48.63% and 48.15% respectively, while the ASIR and ASPR increased by 17.79% and 37.67% respectively. Globally, the burden of UC followed a similar trend in China, with increasing ASIR and ASPR, and decreasing ASMR and ASDR, although the magnitude of increase and decrease was smaller than in China. Joinpoint regression analysis results showed an overall upward trend in ASIR and ASPR for both China and global UC, while an overall downward trend was observed in ASMR and ASDR. Age-specific analysis revealed that during the period from 1990 to 2021, the age groups with the highest incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs for UC in China generally occurred at earlier ages compared to the global pattern. It is projected that over the next 15 years, the burden of UC in China will continue to increase at a higher rate than the global level. Spearman correlation analysis showed that ASIR and ASPR of UC in China and the world were significantly positively correlated with SDI (p < 0.05), and ASMR and ASDR were significantly negatively correlated with SDI (p < 0.001). High BMI is a risk factor affecting the mortality rate and DALYs of UC in both China and globally, with the increase in ASMR and ASDR due to high BMI being greater in China than globally. The incidence and prevalence burden of UC among Chinese and global women have shown an increasing trend over the past 32 years, while the mortality and DALYs have decreased. The projected burden of UC in China is anticipated to continue rising at a higher rate than the global level over the next 15 years. Given the large population in China, the government needs to strengthen screening and prevention strategies to mitigate the burden of UC.

Lin Z ，Gan M ，Wang X ，Su Z ... -  《Reproductive Health》

The global, regional, and national burden of stomach cancer in 195 countries, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2017.

Stomach cancer is a major health problem in many countries. Understanding the current burden of stomach cancer and the differential trends across various locations is essential for formulating effective preventive strategies. We report on the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to stomach cancer in 195 countries and territories from 21 regions between 1990 and 2017. Estimates from GBD 2017 were used to analyse the incidence, mortality, and DALYs due to stomach cancer at the global, regional, and national levels. The rates were standardised to the GBD world population and reported per 100 000 population as age-standardised incidence rates, age-standardised death rates, and age-standardised DALY rates. All estimates were generated with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). In 2017, more than 1·22 million (95% UI 1·19-1·25) incident cases of stomach cancer occurred worldwide, and nearly 865 000 people (848 000-885 000) died of stomach cancer, contributing to 19·1 million (18·7-19·6) DALYs. The highest age-standardised incidence rates in 2017 were seen in the high-income Asia Pacific (29·5, 28·2-31·0 per 100 000 population) and east Asia (28·6, 27·3-30·0 per 100 000 population) regions, with nearly half of the global incident cases occurring in China. Compared with 1990, in 2017 more than 356 000 more incident cases of stomach cancer were estimated, leading to nearly 96 000 more deaths. Despite the increase in absolute numbers, the worldwide age-standardised rates of stomach cancer (incidence, deaths, and DALYs) have declined since 1990. The drop in the disease burden was associated with improved Socio-demographic Index. Globally, 38·2% (21·1-57·8) of the age-standardised DALYs were attributable to high-sodium diet in both sexes combined, and 24·5% (20·0-28·9) of the age-standardised DALYs were attributable to smoking in males. Our findings provide insight into the changing burden of stomach cancer, which is useful in planning local strategies and monitoring their progress. To this end, specific local strategies should be tailored to each country's risk factor profile. Beyond the current decline in age-standardised incidence and death rates, a decrease in the absolute number of cases and deaths will be possible if the burden in east Asia, where currently almost half of the incident cases and deaths occur, is further reduced. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

GBD 2017 Stomach Cancer Collaborators 《The Lancet Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology》

Disparities in the global burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer from 1990 to 2019.

Tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer imposes a high disease burden globally, and its pattern varies greatly across regions and countries. This study aimed to explore the global burden and temporal trends of TBL cancer from 1990 to 2019. Data on incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) metrics (number, crude rate, and age-standardized rates), and the attributable risk fraction of DALY of TBL cancer from 1990 to 2019 in 21 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) regions, four World Bank income regions, 204 countries and territories, and the globe were obtained from the up-to-date GBD 2019 study. We applied estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) to the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) to quantify the temporal trends of the TBL cancer burden from 1990-2019. Associations of EAPC of age-standardized rates with universal health coverage (UHC) index at the national level were evaluated with Pearson correlation analysis. Globally, approximately 2,260,000 new TBL cancer cases, 2,042,600 deaths, and 45,858,000 DALYs were reported in 2019. Combination of all modifiable risk factors, behavioral, environmental, and metabolic risk factors accounted for 79.1%, 66.4%, 33.3%, and 7.9% of global lung cancer DALYs, respectively. The overall ASIR (EAPC: -0.1 [95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.2, -0.1]), ASMR (EAPC: -0.3 [95% CI: -0.4, -0.3]), and ASDR (EAPC: -0.7 [95% CI: -0.7, -0.6]) decreased from 1990 to 2019. The highest mortality rate of TBL cancer occurred in the >85-year-old age group for both sexes among high-income countries (HICs) and upper-middle-income countries (UMCs), and in males aged 80-84 years and females aged >85 years in lower middle-income countries (LMCs). HICs experienced the largest declines in ASIR (-12.6%), ASMR (-20.3%), and ASDR (-27.8%) of TBL cancer between 1990 and 2019, while UMCs had the highest increases in ASIR (16.7%) and ASMR (8.0%) over the period. Eleven (52.4%), 14 (66.7%), and 15 (71.4%) regions of the 21 GBD regions experienced descending trends in ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR of TBL cancer between 1990 and 2019, respectively, with the greatest mean decrease per year (EAPC: -1.7 [95% CI: -2.0, -1.5] for ASIR, -1.9 [95% CI: -2.2, -1.7] for ASMR, and -2.2 [95% CI: -2.5, -2.0] for ASDR) being observed in eastern Europe. The ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR of TBL cancer were deemed to be in decreasing trends in 85, 91, and 104 countries and territories, with the largest decrease in Bahrain (EAPC: -3.0 [95% CI: -3.3, -2.7] for ASIR, -3.0 [95% CI: -3.3, -2.6] for ASMR, and -3.4 [95% CI: -3.8, -3.1] for ASDR). ASIR (r=0.524), ASMR (r=0.411), and ASDR (r=0.353) of TBL cancer were positively associated with UHC index at the national level in 2019. The TBL cancer burden shows a downward trend at the global level but varies greatly across regions and countries. A decreasing trend in the TBL cancer burden was observed in the most of the 21 GBD regions and 204 countries from 1990 to 2019. UMCs had the highest burden of TBL cancer and showed the largest increases in ASIR and ASMR.

Wang C ，Wu Z ，Xu Y ，Zheng Y ，Luo Z ，Cao W ，Wang F ，Dong X ，Qin C ，Zhao L ，Xia C ，Tan F ，Chen W ，Li N ，He J ... -  《-》

Chinese and global burdens of gastric cancer from 1990 to 2019.

Gastric cancer is a common cancer in China. This project investigated the disease burden of gastric cancer from 1990 to 2019 in China and globally. The global age-standardized rates (ASRs) were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease. Moreover, the estimated annual percentage changes (eAPCs) in the ASRs of incidence (ASIR), mortality (ASMR), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were calculated to determine the trends by countries and regions. In China, the ASIR declined from 37.56 to 30.64 per 100,000 and the ASMR declined from 37.73 to 21.72 per 100,000. The global ASIR decreased from 22.44 to 15.59 and the ASMR declined from 20.48 to 11.88 per 100,000 persons from 1990 to 2019. The ASIR was the lowest in Malawi (3.28 per 100,000) and the highest in Mongolia (43.7 per 100,000), whereas the ASMR was the lowest in the United States of America (3.40 per 100,000) and the highest in Mongolia (40.04 per 100,000) in 2019. The incidence of early-onset gastric cancer increased in China. The DALYs attributed to gastric cancer presented a slight decrease during the period. China had a higher mortality/incidence ratio (0.845) and 5-year prevalence (27.6/100,000) than most developed countries. China presented a steady decline in the incidence and mortality rates for gastric cancer. The global ASIR, ASMR, and DALYs showed a slight rise decrease. Different patterns of gastric cancer rates and temporal trends have been identified in different geographical regions, indicating that specific strategies are needed to prevent the increase in some countries.

He Y ，Wang Y ，Luan F ，Yu Z ，Feng H ，Chen B ，Chen W ... -  《Cancer Medicine》