The association between cardiovascular health and depression: Results from the 2007-2020 NHANES.

Limited research has been conducted on the correlation between Life's Essential 8 (LE8), the recently updated algorithm for evaluating cardiovascular health (CVH), and depression. A total of 21,942 individuals were chosen from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2007 and 2020. The depression was determined using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), with a score of 10 or higher indicating diagnosis. The LE8 score consists of 8 metrics: sleep health, diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure, body mass index, blood lipids, blood glucose, and blood pressure. Each LE8 metric was scored from 0 to 100 points. The summation of all metrics divided by 8 generated the total LE8 score and was categorized into low (0-49), moderate (50-79), and high (80-100) CVH. Weighted logistic regression and restricted cubic splines (RCS) were used to assess the association between LE8 score and depression. A significant inversely nonlinear relationship was observed between LE8 score and depression. When compared to participants with high CVH, those with moderate CVH had multivariable adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for depression of 2.36 (95 % CI, 1.79-3.10), while those with low CVH had ORs of 4.71 (95 % CI, 3.44-6.47). Moreover, the effect size of the LE8 score on depression remained stable in all pre-specified subgroups, with all P-values for interaction being more than 0.05. The results indicate a significant inversely nonlinear relationship between LE8 score and depression, particularly among males. These findings emphasize the importance of maintaining higher CVH as a preventive measure against depression.

Shen R ，Zou T 《-》

Association of cardiovascular health using Life's Essential 8 with depression: Findings from NHANES 2007-2018.

Few studies have explored the correlation between cardiovascular health (CVH) and depression. We aimed to investigate the relationship between CVH using Life's Essential 8 (LE8) and depression among US adults. 16,362 individuals from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007 to 2018 were included. The patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was utilized to recognized depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10). LE8 was scored by four health behaviors (sleep, tobacco/nicotine exposure, physical activity and diet) and four health factors (body mass index, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood glucose and blood pressure) and classified into low, moderate and high CVH groups. Weighted logistic regressions, restricted cubic splines and sensitivity analyses were utilized to investigate the correlation between LE8 and depression. 1306 subjects had depression (7.98% of the participants), of which 860 (7.42%), 305 (17.24%) and 141 (3.01%) had low, moderate and high CVH, separately. In the fully adjusted model, LE8 was negatively correlated with depression (OR: 5.50, 95% CI 3.92-7.71, P < 0.001). Furthermore, there were inversely dose-response relationships between LE8 and depression (overall P < 0.001). Adhering to a high CVH, estimated by the LE8 score, was correlated with lower odds of depression.

Zeng G ，Lin Y ，Lin J ，He Y ，Wei J ... -  《-》

Comparison of the associations between Life's Essential 8 and Life's Simple 7 with depression, as well as the mediating role of oxidative stress factors and inflammation: NHANES 2005-2018.

Cardiovascular health (CVH) is closely associated with depression. However, Life's Essential 8 (LE8), a novel CVH measure, has not yet been clearly linked to depression. This study aims to explore the association between LE8 and depression, compare its advantages over Life's Simple 7 (LS7), and investigate the mediating effects of oxidative stress and inflammation. This study investigated cross-sectional data of adults aged 20 and above from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005 to 2018. The LE8 score (ranging from 0 to 100) was derived from the American Heart Association's definition, based on the unweighted average of 8 metrics, classified as low cardiovascular health (CVH) (0-49), moderate CVH (50-79), and high CVH (80-100). Similar to LE8, LS7 scores were categorized into inadequate (0-7), average (8-10), or optimal (11-14) after calculating the unweighted mean of each component. Depression was diagnosed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), with a score of ≥10 defining depression. Adjusted for sociodemographic factors and other risk factors for depression, weighted logistic regression and restricted cubic spline analysis were used to explore the correlation. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to study the associations between CVH scores and depression. Subsequently, subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were conducted, followed by an exploration of the mechanisms involved. A total of 7 cycles from 2005 to 2018 contained complete data. Weighted logistic regression showed that both LS7 and LE8 were significantly associated with depression. Specifically, for LE8, after adjustment, the risk of depression decreased by 52 % for moderate CVH compared to low CVH (OR: 0.48, 95 % CI: 0.41-0.57, P < 0.0001), while the risk decreased by 80 % for high CVH (OR: 0.20, 95 % CI: 0.15-0.26, P < 0.0001, Ptrend < 0.0001). For LS7, after adjustment, compared with inadequate CVH, the risk of depression decreased by 49 % for average CVH (OR: 0.51, 95 % CI: 0.34-0.78, P = 0.002), and by 55 % for optimal CVH (OR: 0.45, 95 % CI: 0.27-0.74, P = 0.002, Ptrend < 0.0001). Area under ROC curves for predicting depression were 0.672 (95 % CI, 0.66-0.684; P < 0.001) and 0.605 (95 % CI, 0.59-0.619; P < 0.001) for LE8 and LS7 (PDeLong < 0.001), respectively. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated the robustness of the association. GGT and WBC jointly mediated 9.62 % of this association (all P < 0.001). The cross-sectional study cannot infer causality. The association between Life's Essential 8 and depression was stronger and more practical. Oxidative stress and inflammation mediate this association. Individuals with extremely poor cardiovascular health have a 7-fold increased risk of depression, highlighting the necessity of maintaining at least moderate cardiovascular health.

Li L ，Dai F 《-》

Associations between Life's Essential 8 and depression among US adults.

Few studies have examined the association of Life's Essential 8 (LE8) with depression among US adults. This is a cross-sectional study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2020. LE8 score was measured as the mean score of eight metrics (diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure, sleep health, body mass index, blood lipid, blood glucose, and blood pressure). CVH was categorized into low, moderate, and high according to tertiles of LE8 score. Depression was defined based on the 9-Item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Weighted logistic regressions were conducted to assess the associations of depression with CVH. Compared with participants with low CVH, the fully adjusted ORs of depression were 0.45 (0.37, 0.55) in the moderate CVH and 0.21 (0.15, 0.30) in the high CVH participants, respectively. The results remained robust in subgroup and sensitivity analyses. All eight LE8 metrics were negatively associated with depression, while nicotine exposure and sleep health were identified as two major metrics contributing to the association. Better CVH evaluated by LE8 was associated with decreased depression prevalence among US adults. Adherence to a higher CVH score, especially targeting smoking cessation and proper sleep duration, might be beneficial for prevention of depression.

Zhao S ，Tang Y ，Li Y ，Shen H ，Liu A ... -  《-》

Association between Life's Essential 8 and cataract among US adults.

Currently, a comprehensive assessment of the relationship between ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) indicators and cataract risk is lacking. Life's Essential 8 (LE8) is the latest concept proposed by the American Heart Association to comprehensively reflect CVH status. LE8 includes four health behaviors (diet, physical activity, smoking, and sleep) and four health factors (blood lipid, blood sugar, blood pressure, and body mass index). This study tried to evaluate the association between LE8 and cataract using data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2008, a continuous research program which aims to monitor and evaluate the health and nutrition status of the US population. A cross-sectional study of 2720 non-cataract participants and 602 cataract participants. All participants were assigned to the poor, intermediate, and ideal CVH status groups based on LE8 score. Weighted multiple logistic regression was used to investigate the correlation between the LE8 score and cataract, as well as the correlation between each of the eight subitems and cataract, with potential confounding variables being adjusted. Then, restricted cubic spline analysis was used to further explore whether there was a nonlinear relationship between LE8 score and cataract. The proportion of cataract participants was 14.1%, 18.2%, and 20.6% in the ideal, intermediate, and poor CVH groups, respectively (P < 0.05). LE8 score was inversely associated with cataract risk, with each 10-point increase in LE8 score associated with a 14% reduction in cataract risk [odds ratio (OR) = 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.79-0.93, P < 0.01]. Among all the LE8 subitems, physical activity, sleep, and blood glucose were significantly associated with cataract risk (all P < 0.05). Better CVH, defined by a higher LE8 score, is associated with a lower cataract risk. Efforts to improve LE8 score (especially when it comes to physical activity, sleep, and blood glucose) may serve as a novel strategy to help reduce the risk of cataract.

Meng Y ，Tan Z ，Sawut A ，Li L ，Chen C ... -  《Scientific Reports》