Global review, meta-analysis and health risk assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in chicken kebab using Monte Carlo simulation method.

The primary concern with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) is their harmful effects on health, including the risk of causing cancer. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and concentration of 16 priority PAHs (PAH16) in chicken kebabs using a systematic review approach with meta-analysis. Additionally, the study estimated the possible risk assessment of the potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects of PAHs on consumers of chicken kebabs using the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method. The researchers collected data on the concentration of PAHs in chicken kebabs (grilled, smoked, roasted, or barbecued) from 99 original articles searched in the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases from 2012 to April 2022. The concentration of PAHs was then analyzed using meta-analysis, and the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) was used to evaluate the associated human health risks. The analysis showed that 68.6%, 21.1%, 7.1%, and 3.2% of chicken kebabs were prepared by grilling, smoking, barbecuing, and roasting, respectively. The meta-analysis and health risk assessment indicated that the mean values of HQ (hazard quotient) in Bap, Ace, Acy, Pyr, Flt, Flr, Nap, and Ant PAHs were 1.64, 1.38 × 10^-2, 1.10 × 10^-1, 1.09 × 10^-1, 2.55 × 10^-2, 1.60 × 10^-1, 8.13 × 10^-1, and 6.20 × 10^-3, respectively. Additionally, the mean values of LTCR (Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk) in Bap, Ace, Acy, Pyr, Flt, Flr, Nap, and Ant were 4.85 × 10^-10, 8.06 × 10^-13, 6.65 × 10^-12, 3.23 × 10^-12, 1.01 × 10^-12, 6.38 × 10^-12, 1.62 × 10^-11, and 6.20 × 10^-3, respectively. The consumption of chicken kebabs prepared by barbecuing was found to be associated with an increased risk of cancer due to the formation of carcinogenic compounds, including benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). However, the non-cancer risk ratio of consuming grilled chicken other than BaP was found to be less than 1 (HQ < 1), indicating that there is no risk of carcinogenesis caused by PAHs from the consumption of chicken kebabs worldwide. The calculated values of the LTCR caused by PAHs in the consumption of chicken kebab throughout life were compared to the maximum acceptable risk value suggested by the EPA, which in the strictest case equals one cancer case per 10,000 people. The results indicate that there is no risk of carcinogenesis caused by PAHs due to the consumption of chicken kebab worldwide.

Mortezazadeh F ，Babanezhad E ，Niknejad H ，Gholami-Borujeni F ... -  《-》

Cancer Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Soils and Sediments of India: A Meta-Analysis.

Tarafdar A ，Sinha A 《-》

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in grilled foods from Kermanshah province.

Gholizadah S ，Mohammadi R ，Soleimani D ，Rezaei M ，Ahanikamangar S ，Mosalmanzadeh N ，Nachvak SM ，Fattahi N ... -  《-》

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content of edible vegetable oils in Iran: A risk assessment study.

Totally forty samples (23 brands) of different types of edible oils including frying oil (n = 14), blended oil (n = 13), sunflower oil (n = 6), corn oil (n = 5) and canola oil (n = 2) from Iran's market were analyzed for PAHs content by a High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detector. Also, the Health risk assessment in the adults and children consumers were estimated by the calculating margin of exposure (MOE) and the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) in the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. Approximately all of the samples contained different amounts of PAHs, while concentrations of BaP, PAH 4, PAH 8 and PAH 13 were reported as 0.90-11.33, 3.51-84.03, 7.41-117.12 and 129.28-19.54 μg/kg, respectively. Light polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons corresponded to 65% of total PAHs while the remaining 35% belonged to heavy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Based on BaP content, 12 samples were above the standard limits (2 μg/kg) which set by the Standard Organization of Iran and the European Union, whereas 15 samples exceeded maximum limit 10 μg/kg set for PAH 4 established by EU. Percentile 95% of MOE in the adults due to ingestion of sunflower, corn, frying and blended oils were determined as 4.10E+5; 4.05E+5; , 2.17E+5, 2.33E+5, respectively and in the children due to ingestion of sunflower oil, corn oil, frying oil and blended oil were calculated as 5.38E+4, 4.49E+4, 2.86E+4, 3.37E+4. Regarding the percentile of 95% ILCR in the adults due to ingestion of sunflower oil, corn oil, frying oil and blended oil were reported as 4.5E-6, 4.17E-6l, 5.20E-6, 4.93E-6 and also this value in the children in the same rank order of products can be summarized as 3.43E-5, 3.94 E-5, 3.17E-5, 3.76E-5. The rank order of edible oils investigated based on MOE was sunflower oil > corn oil > blended oil > frying oil; and based on ILCR, frying oil > blended oil > sunflower oil > corn oil. The health risk assessment according to MCS method indicated that adults and children are not at considerable health risk; MOE ≥ 1E+4 and ILCR < 1E-4).

Yousefi M ，Shemshadi G ，Khorshidian N ，Ghasemzadeh-Mohammadi V ，Fakhri Y ，Hosseini H ，Mousavi Khaneghah A ... -  《-》

Development of human health ambient water quality criteria of 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and risk assessment in China.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely distributed in various environmental media and have thus attracted extensive attention worldwide. To prevent and control PAH pollution in China, the study of ambient water quality criteria (AWQC), human health risks, and aquatic ecological risk is critical. There are no reports to date on the human health AWQC of PAHs in China. Therefore, this study first derived the human health AWQC values of 12 PAHs based on exposure data and bioaccumulation factor in China. We found that local exposure parameters and other relevant factors were key during the development of AWQC in different countries and regions, which led to differences with the reference value recommended by USEPA. Based on the incremental life time cancer risk (ILCR), hazard quotients (HQ) and potentially affected fraction (PAF) methods, the health and ecological risks of 16 PAHs were assessed subsequently. And the results are as follows: the non-carcinogenic PAHs' health risks ranged from 1.01 × 10-10 to 1.60 × 10-9, and carcinogenic PAH health risks ranged from 5.03 × 10-7 to 4.74 × 10-5. The toxic effects of 8 PAHs on aquatic organisms exhibited the following order: benzo (a) pyrene (BaP) > anthracene (Ant) > pyrene (Pye) > phenanthrene (Phe) > fluoranthene (Flua) > acenaphthene (Ace) > fluorene (Flu) > naphthalene (Nap). Among these, the ecological risks posed by Ant and BaP were the highest, according to the HQ and PAF methods.

Chen J ，Fan B ，Li J ，Wang X ，Li W ，Cui L ，Liu Z ... -  《-》