Eye-tracking in surgery: a systematic review.

Surgery is constantly evolving with the assistance of rapidly developing novel technology. Eye-tracking devices provide opportunities to monitor the acquisition of surgical skills, gain insight into performance, and enhance surgical practice. The aim of this review was to consolidate the available evidence for the use of eye-tracking in the surgical disciplines. A systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. A search of OVID Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane library, Scopus, and Science Direct was conducted January 2000 until December 2022. Studies involving eye-tracking in surgical training, assessment and technical innovation were included in the review. Non-surgical procedures, animal studies, and studies not involving surgical participants were excluded from the review. The search returned a total of 12 054 articles, 80 of which were included in the final analysis and review. Seventeen studies involved eye-tracking in surgical training, 48 surgical assessment, and 20 were focussing on technical aspects of this technology. Twenty-six different eye-tracking devices were used in the included studies. Metrics such as the number of fixations, duration of fixations, dwell time, and cognitive workload were able to differentiate between novice and expert performance. Eight studies demonstrated the effectiveness of gaze-training for improving surgical skill. The current literature shows a broad range of utility for a variety of eye-tracking devices in surgery. There remains a lack of standardization for metric parameters and gaze analysis techniques. Further research is required to validate its use to establish reliability and create uniform practices.

Bapna T ，Valles J ，Leng S ，Pacilli M ，Nataraja RM ... -  《-》

Eye-Tracking Indicators of Workload in Surgery: A Systematic Review.

Tolvanen O ，Elomaa AP ，Itkonen M ，Vrzakova H ，Bednarik R ，Huotarinen A ... -  《-》

Eye tracking for skills assessment and training: a systematic review.

The development of quantitative objective tools is critical to the assessment of surgeon skill. Eye tracking is a novel tool, which has been proposed may provide suitable metrics for this task. The aim of this study was to review current evidence for the use of eye tracking in training and assessment. A systematic literature review was conducted in line with PRISMA guidelines. A search of EMBASE, OVID MEDLINE, Maternity and Infant Care, PsycINFO, and Transport databases was conducted, till March 2013. Studies describing the use of eye tracking in the execution, training or assessment of a task, or for skill acquisition were included in the review. Initial search results returned 12,051 results. Twenty-four studies were included in the final qualitative synthesis. Sixteen studies were based on eye tracking in assessment and eight studies were on eye tacking in training. These demonstrated feasibility and validity in the use of eye tracking metrics and gaze tracking to differentiate between subjects of varying skill levels. Several training methods using gaze training and pattern recognition were also described. Current literature demonstrates the ability of eye tracking to provide reliable quantitative data as an objective assessment tool, with potential applications to surgical training to improve performance. Eye tracking remains a promising area of research with the possibility of future implementation into surgical skill assessment.

Tien T ，Pucher PH ，Sodergren MH ，Sriskandarajah K ，Yang GZ ，Darzi A ... -  《-》

Eye-Tracking Metrics Predict Perceived Workload in Robotic Surgical Skills Training.

Wu C ，Cha J ，Sulek J ，Zhou T ，Sundaram CP ，Wachs J ，Yu D ... -  《-》

Eye-tracking technology in medical education: A systematic review.

Ashraf H ，Sodergren MH ，Merali N ，Mylonas G ，Singh H ，Darzi A ... -  《-》