Extracellular vesicles in the treatment and diagnosis of breast cancer: a status update.

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in women. Currently, the treatment of breast cancer is limited by the lack of effectively targeted therapy and patients often suffer from higher severity, metastasis, and resistance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) consist of lipid bilayers that encapsulate a complex cargo, including proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites. These bioactive cargoes have been found to play crucial roles in breast cancer initiation and progression. Moreover, EV cargoes play pivotal roles in converting mammary cells to carcinogenic cells and metastatic foci by extensively inducing proliferation, angiogenesis, pre-metastatic niche formation, migration, and chemoresistance. The present update review mainly discusses EVs cargoes released from breast cancer cells and tumor-derived EVs in the breast cancer microenvironment, focusing on proliferation, metastasis, chemoresistance, and their clinical potential as effective biomarkers.

Zhang X ，Wang C ，Yu J ，Bu J ，Ai F ，Wang Y ，Lin J ，Zhu X ... -  《Frontiers in Endocrinology》

Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators of Therapy Resistance in the Breast Cancer Microenvironment.

Samuels M ，Cilibrasi C ，Papanastasopoulos P ，Giamas G ... -  《Biomolecules》

Breast Cancer Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Bone Metastasis Induction and Their Clinical Implications as Biomarkers.

Taverna S ，Giusti I ，D'Ascenzo S ，Pizzorno L ，Dolo V ... -  《INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES》

The roles of extracellular vesicles in gastric cancer development, microenvironment, anti-cancer drug resistance, and therapy.

Huang T ，Song C ，Zheng L ，Xia L ，Li Y ，Zhou Y ... -  《Molecular Cancer》

Extracellular vesicles as a novel approach for breast cancer therapeutics.

Breast cancer (BC) still lacks effective management approaches to control metastatic and therapy-resistant disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), with a diameter of 50-1000 nm, are secreted by all types of living cells, are protected by a lipid bilayer and encapsulate biological cargos including RNAs, proteins and lipids. They play an important role in intercellular communications and are significantly associated with pathological conditions. Accumulating evidence indicates that cancer cells secrete EVs and communicate with neighboring cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME), which plays an important role in BC metastasis, immune escape and chemoresistance, thus providing a new therapeutic window. EVs can stimulate angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling, establish premetastatic niches, inhibit immune response and promote cancer metastasis. Recent advances have demonstrated that EVs are a potential therapeutic target or carrier and have emerged as promising strategies for BC treatment. In this review, we summarize the role of EVs in BC metastasis, chemoresistance and immune escape, which provides the foundation for developing novel therapeutic approaches. We also focus on current EV-based drug delivery strategies in BC and EV cargo-targeted BC therapy and discuss the limitations and future perspectives of EV-based drug delivery in BC.

Lee Y ，Graham P ，Li Y 《-》