The Gender-Diversity and Autism Questionnaire: A Community-Developed Clinical, Research, and Self-Advocacy Tool for Autistic Transgender and Gender-Diverse Young Adults.

Autistic transgender people face unique risks in society, including inequities in accessing needed care and related mental health disparities. Given the need for specific and culturally responsive accommodations/supports, the characterization of key experiences, challenges, needs, and resilience factors within this population is imperative. This study developed a structured self-report tool for autistic transgender young adults to communicate their experiences and needs in a report format attuned to common autistic thinking and communication styles. This cross-nation project developed and refined the Gender-Diversity and Autism Questionnaire through an iterative community-based approach using Delphi panel methodology. This proof-of-principle project defined "expertise" broadly, employing a multi-input expert search approach to balance academic-, community-, and lived experience-based expertise. The expert collaborators (N = 24 respondents) completed a two-round Delphi study, which developed 85 mostly closed-ended items based on 90% consensus. Final item content falls within six topic areas: the experience of identities; the impact of experienced or anticipated discrimination, bias, and violence toward autistic people and transgender people; tasks and experiences of everyday life; gender diversity- or autism-related care needs and history; the experience of others doubting an individual's gender identity and/or autism; and the experience of community and connectedness. The majority of retained items relate to tasks and experiences of everyday life or the impact of experienced or anticipated discrimination, bias, and violence. This study employed a multipronged multimodal search approach to maximize equity in representation of the expert measure development team. The resulting instrument, designed for clinical, research, and self-advocacy applications, has parallel Dutch and English versions and is available for immediate use. Future cross-cultural research with this instrument could help identify contextual risk and resilience factors to better understand and address inequities faced by this large intersectional population.

Strang JF ，McClellan LS ，Raaijmakers D ，Caplan R ，Klomp SE ，Reutter M ，Lai MC ，Song M ，Gratton FV ，Dale LK ，Schutte A ，de Vries ALC ，Gardiner F ，Edwards-Leeper L ，Minnaard AL ，Eleveld NL ，Corbin E ，Purkis Y ，Lawson W ，Kim DY ，van Wieringen IM ，Rodríguez-Roldán VM ，Harris MC ，Wilks MF ，Abraham G ，Balleur-van Rijn A ，Brown LXZ ，Forshaw A ，Wilks GB ，Griffin AD ，Graham EK ，Krause S ，Pervez N ，Bok IA ，Song A ，Fischbach AL ，van der Miesen AIR ... -  《-》

Exploring the Experiences of Autistic Transgender and Non-Binary Adults in Seeking Gender Identity Health Care.

This study sought to obtain an in-depth understanding of autistic transgender and/or non-binary adults' experiences in accessing, or trying to access, gender identity health care (GIH). To our knowledge, no prior study researched this topic. Through semi-structured interviews, we obtained the first-hand experiences of 17 participants. H.B. (cisgender, non-autistic) conducted a reflexive thematic analysis using an inductive approach, in collaboration with K.M., an autistic transgender disability community researcher, and under the supervision of S.K.K., a cisgender autistic autism researcher. Thematic analysis determined that poor knowledge of professionals, accessibility issues, and bureaucratic and economic barriers impacted participants' experiences when accessing GIH. Participants experienced a perceived lack of professional knowledge around autism and gender diverse health care needs, limited communication methods and accommodations, and misdiagnosis of mental health difficulties. Accessibility issues included unmet sensory needs, disruption to routine, and a lack of local provision. Further, participants shared that they struggled with unclear processes, standardization of care, long waiting lists, and confusing or inaccessible insurance coverage. Recommendations for improvements highlighted the need to listen to service users to positively impact their experiences in accessing GIH. This study suggests that more training needs to be given to health care providers and professionals around autistic experience to help improve providers' competence in communication and providing person-centered accommodations. More training around gender diverse identities is needed, as well as increased knowledge on the co-occurrence of autism and transgender/non-binary identities, to positively impact patient experiences and help improve access to care.

Bruce H ，Munday K ，Kapp SK 《-》

"You Are the Expert of Your Own Experience": A Thematic Analysis of Experiences of Autism and Gender Diversity in Adulthood.

Autistic people are more likely to report gender dysphoric traits, and transgender and gender-expansive individuals frequently report higher scores on self-report measures of autistic traits. Despite the clear association between autism and gender diversity, there is a dearth of qualitative research exploring the lived experiences of autistic adults. This study contributes to the evidence base by exploring the strengths and challenges of the intersectional experiences of autism and gender diversity in adulthood. Twelve transgender/gender-expansive autistic people participated in an online semi-structured interview or an open-ended survey, and reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Three main themes were identified: (1) Navigating a gender journey, (2) The impact of social context on self, and (3) Provision of health care. The findings highlight the importance of acknowledging the unique experiences of being both an autistic and transgender/gender-expansive person to further understand the intersection between autism and gender diversity.

Glackin A ，Pearson A ，Davis R 《-》

What Category Best Fits: Understanding Transgender Identity in a Survey of Autistic Individuals.

Calls for improved measures of gender identity to understand the experience of transgender individuals have grown rapidly in the past 5 years. The need for methodological innovation in this topic area has particular importance for the autistic population since a higher co-occurrence of transgender identities among autistic people has been documented but is not well understood. We use a survey with questions that reflect standards in 2018 to demonstrate how binary conceptualizations of gender did not adequately capture gender identities of transgender autistic individuals. Using descriptive statistics from a statewide survey of 1527 autistic adults (mean age 27.5 years), this study compared self-reported survey responses to close-ended standard questions at the time about gender identity to understand shortcomings in capturing this population authentically. We found a mismatch between respondents answering that they were transgender, the sex assigned at birth, and gender identity on separate questions. We postulate that transgender men and women were likely selecting binary responses when asked about gender identity. Furthermore, we found that many qualitative responses reported in the self-selected "other" category reflected nonbinary identities and utilized specific terminology that revealed nuance in how they understood gender identities. We urge researchers to provide multiple flexible options when measuring gender identity in autistic populations as they are likely to encompass many identities. We endorse best practices for measuring gender identity for autistic research.

Steinberg H ，Garfield T ，Becker A ，Shea L ... -  《-》

"My whole life has been a process of finding labels that fit": A Thematic Analysis of Autistic LGBTQIA+ Identity and Inclusion in the LGBTQIA+ Community.

Being nonheterosexual and noncisgender appears to be more common among autistic people. This intersection of identities is often stigmatized in research and society. However, we know that community involvement can protect against negative mental health outcomes associated with being a minority; researchers found this effect in separate studies examining participation in the autistic and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer, Intersex, Asexual plus other gender and sexual orientation-based identity (LGBTQIA+) communities. This study examined how autistic LGBTQIA+ individuals navigate their multiple marginalized identities and the LGBTQIA+ community. Twelve autistic LGBTQIA+ people from the United Kingdom took part in semistructured interviews. Questions focused on identity and community. We analyzed the interviews using reflexive thematic analysis. We identified four overarching themes-Identity (Re)Development, Navigating Authenticity, Exclusion from Community Spaces, and Creating Change. Participants viewed accessing a community of similar others as a means of increasing understanding, self-knowledge, and self-acceptance. We identified several barriers to inclusion, including accessibility and gatekeeping. Participants discussed strategies to combat these obstacles, such as the creation of intersectional community spaces and activism and representation as a means of increasing autism understanding. This study suggests that similar to other marginalized groups, autistic LGBTQIA+ individuals are motivated to engage in communities relevant to their identities. However, community spaces for autistic LGBTQIA+ are often inaccessible due to social, sensory, and identity-based barriers. Participants highlighted autism understanding as a barrier to coming out both in community and noncommunity settings. This suggests that improving autism acceptance and understanding is crucial to achieve accessible, intersectional, and inclusive community spaces.

McAuliffe C ，Walsh RJ ，Cage E 《-》