Fungicidal synergistic effect of biogenically synthesized zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles against Alternaria citri causing citrus black rot disease.
Citrus black rot disease being caused by Alternaria citri is a major disease of citrus plants with 30-35% economic loss annually. Fungicides had not been effective in the control of this disease during last few decades. In the present study, antifungal role of green synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) were studied against Alternaria citri. Alternaria citri was isolated from disease fruits samples and was identified by staining with lacto phenol cotton blue. Furthermore, CuO and ZnO NPs were synthesized by utilizing the lemon peels extract as the reducing and capping agent. Nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. From the XRD data, the calculated size of CuO NPs was to be 18 nm and ZnO NPs was16.8 nm using Scherrer equation. The SEM analyses revealed the surface morphology of all the metal oxide NPs synthesized were rounded, elongated and or spherical in the shape. The zone of inhibition was observed to be 50 ± 0.5 mm by CuO NPs, followed by 51.5 ± 0.5 mm by ZnO NPs and maximum zone of antifungal inhibition was observed to be 53 ± 0.6 mm by mix metal oxide NPs. The results of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the synthesized nanoparticles showed that at the certain concentrations (80 mg ml-1), these NPs were capable of inhibiting the fungal growth, whereas above that specified concentrations (100 mg ml-1), NPs completely inhibited the fungal growth. Based on these findings, the green synthesized NPs can be used as alternative to fungicide in order to control the citrus black rot disease.
Sardar M
，Ahmed W
，Al Ayoubi S
，Nisa S
，Bibi Y
，Sabir M
，Khan MM
，Ahmed W
，Qayyum A
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Antifungal activity of Zinc nitrate derived nano Zno fungicide synthesized from Trachyspermum ammi to control fruit rot disease of grapefruit.
Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) is a widely grown citrus and its fruit is affected by a variety of biotic and abiotic stress. Keeping in view the hazardous effects of synthetic fungicides, the recent trend is shifting towards safer and eco-friendly control of fruit diseases. The present study was aimed to diagnose the fruit rot disease of grapefruit and its control by using zinc oxide green nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Fruit rot symptoms were observed in various grapefruit growing sites of Pakistan. Diseased samples were collected, and the disease-causing pathogen was isolated. Following Koch's postulates, the isolated pathogen was identified as Rhizoctonia solani. For eco-friendly control of this disease, ZnO NPs were prepared in the seed extract of Trachyspermum ammi and characterized. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of these NPs described the presence of stabilizing and reducing compounds such as phenols, aldehyde and vinyl ether, especially thymol (phenol). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed their crystalline nature and size (48.52 nm). Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis elaborated the presence of major elements in the samples, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the morphology of bio fabricated NPs. ZnO NPs exhibited very good anti-fungal activity and the most significant fungal growth inhibition was observed at 1.0 mg/ml concentration of green NPs, in vitro and in vivo. These findings described that the bioactive constituents of T. ammi seed extract can effectively reduce and stabilize ZnO NPs. It is a cost-effective method to successfully control the fruit rot disease of grapefruit.
Ali M
，Wang X
，Haroon U
，Chaudhary HJ
，Kamal A
，Ali Q
，Saleem MH
，Usman K
，Alatawi A
，Ali S
，Hussain Munis MF
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Mycogenic Synthesis of Extracellular Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Xylaria acuta and Its Nanoantibiotic Potential.
The study aimed to find an effective method for fungal-mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using endophytic fungal extracts and to evaluate the efficiency of synthesized ZnO NPs as antimicrobial and anticancerous agents.
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were produced from zinc nitrate hexahydrate with fungal filtrate by the combustion method. The spectroscopy and microscopy techniques, such as ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with selected area electron diffraction (SAED), were used to characterize the obtained product. Antibacterial activity on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) samples was tested by broth microplate dilution technique. ZnO NPs antifungal activity was determined against plant pathogenic and regular contaminating fungi using the food-poison method. The anticancerous assay of the synthesized ZnO NPs was also investigated by cell uptake, MTT assay, and apoptosis assay.
The fungal synthesized ZnO NPs were pure, mainly hexagonal in shape and size range of 34-55 nm. The biosynthesized ZnO NPs could proficiently inhibit both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. ZnO NPs synthesized from fungal extract exhibited antifungal activity in a dose-dependent manner with a high percentage of mycelial inhibition. The cell uptake analysis of ZnO NPs suggests that a significant amount of ZnO NPs (1 μg/mL) was internalized without disturbing cancer cells' morphology. As a result, the synthesized ZnO NPs showed significant anticancer activity against cancer cells at 1 μg/mL concentration.
This fungus-mediated synthesis of ZnO NPs is a simple, eco-friendly, and non-toxic method. Our results show that the synthesized ZnO NPs are an excellent novel antimicrobial and anticancer agent. Further studies are required to understand the mechanism of the antimicrobial, anticancerous action of ZnO NPs and their possible genotoxicity.
Sumanth B
，Lakshmeesha TR
，Ansari MA
，Alzohairy MA
，Udayashankar AC
，Shobha B
，Niranjana SR
，Srinivas C
，Almatroudi A
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《International Journal of Nanomedicine》
Green nanotechnology advances: green manufacturing of zinc nanoparticles, characterization, and foliar application on wheat and antibacterial characteristics using Mentha spicata (mint) and Ocimum basilicum (basil) leaf extracts.
Due to their distinctive characteristics and widespread application across all scientific disciplines, nanoparticles have attracted a lot of attention in the current millennium. Green synthesis of ZnO-NPs is gaining a lot of interest at the moment due to a number of its advantages over traditional methods, including being quicker, less expensive, and more environmentally friendly. In the current study, two distinct plant extracts are used to quickly, cheaply, and environmentally friendly synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). Mint (Mentha spicata) and basil (Ocimum basilicum) were the plants employed in this study as stabilizing agents to synthesize ZnO-NPs with a green chemistry approach. The innovative aspect of the study is the use of mint and basil extracts in the conversion of zinc chloride to zinc oxide and then determining the effect of these two types of nanoparticles produced by green synthesis on the growth parameters of the plant when they reach the plants by foliar spraying and their uptake by plants and evaluating the antibacterial properties of these nanoparticles. The physical properties of the produced nanoparticles were investigated using XRD, SEM, and FTIR. Moreover, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were used to demonstrate the antibacterial properties of ZnO-NPs against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, respectively. Synthesized ZnO-NPs were also given as foliar treatment in order to determine Zn+2 uptake by plants and potential toxic effects on the growth of wheat. The shape of ZnO-NPs was triangular, as revealed by SEM analysis. In the X-ray diffraction study, strong and clearly discernible sharp peaks were seen, with an average size of 24.5 nm for M-ZnO-NPs and 26.7 nm for B-ZnO-NPs determined using Scherrer's formula. The phytoconstituents of the plant extract served as capping/stabilizing agents during the synthesis of ZnO-NPs, as demonstrated by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. The produced nanoparticles were applied to the green parts of wheat plants by spraying, and the development of the plants and the change of zinc uptake were investigated. At the same time, the effect of these three types of nanoparticles on the germination of wheat seeds in the soil medium containing these nanoparticles was investigated. According to experimental results, M-ZnO-NPs (produced from mint) and B-ZnO-NPs (produced from basil) improved the germination percentage of wheat at 400 mg/L concentration (100%), while raw ZnO-NPs showed 90% germination at the same concentration. When the Zn+2 uptake of the plant by the leaves depending on the Zn+2 concentration in the environment after spraying was examined, it was determined that the Zn+2 uptake of the plants increased due to the increase in the applied Zn+2 concentration. The highest Zn+2 uptake of the plant was determined as 50, 25, and 50 mg/L for M-ZnO-NP, B-ZnO-NPs, and raw ZnO-NPs, respectively. Therefore, it has been determined that plant growth varies depending on the type and concentration of ZnO-NPs, and therefore, if foliar nanoparticle applications are made to wheat, the threshold concentrations, sizes, and types of ZnO-NPs should be carefully evaluated. In addition, antibacterial properties results showed that S. aureus was more sensitive to all three types of ZnO-NPs than E. coli.
Doğaroğlu ZG
，Uysal Y
，Çaylalı Z
，Karakulak DS
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ResearchGate
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