Assessment of undernutrition using the composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) and its determinants: A cross-sectional study in the rural area of the Bogor District in Indonesia.

The Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) can comprehensively identify undernutrition by combining several indicators of nutritional status - namely, weight-for-age, length/height-for-age and weight-for-length/height - to determine the nutritional status of children under five years of age. This study aims to assess undernutrition using the CIAF and its determinants on children under five years of age in the Bogor District, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study was conducted during February-May 2019 among 330 mother-children pairs (with children under five), selected by systematic random sampling from four villages as undernutrition pockets in the rural area of Bogor District, Indonesia. The nutritional status of the children was assessed by measuring weight and length/height. Z-score was calculated using WHO Anthro software and was categorized based on conventional indices, including weight-for-age (WAZ), length/height-for-age (HAZ) and weight-for-length/height (WHZ). The CIAF is measured based on a combination of conventional index measurements. In addition, mothers' and childrens' characteristics and clean living behaviour are assessed via structured questionnaires. Environmental sanitation is assessed using the environment meter. Binary logistic regression analysis with SPSS version 22.0 is used to analyse the dominant factors associated with undernutrition. Among children under five, 42.1% experienced anthropometric failure (overall prevalence of undernutrition based on the CIAF), 2.4% experienced wasting only, 5.8% were classified as both wasting and underweight, 2.1% as wasting, underweight and stunting, 16.4% as underweight and stunting, 11.5% as stunting only, and 3.9% as underweight only. Assessment of nutritional status using a conventional anthropometric index shows that respective prevalences of underweight, stunted and wasted were 27.8, 29.7, and 10.6%. The mother's height is the most dominant factor associated with anthropometric failure [p = 0.008; AOR = 1.95; 95% CI: 2.19-3.19]. The most dominant factors associated with the conventional undernutrition indices of underweight, stunted and wasted are, respectively, family income [p = 0.018; AOR = 5.44; 95% CI: 1.34-22.11], mother's height [p = < 0.001; AOR = 3.29; 95% CI:1.83-5.91] and child's age [p = 0.013; AOR = 2.59; 95% CI: 1.22-5.47]. Nearly half of children under five experience anthropometric failure. Specific nutrition improvement interventions and specific nutrition interventions during pregnancy and lactation are needed, especially for malnourished mothers, to prevent malnutrition in infant.

Permatasari TAE ，Chadirin Y 《-》

Magnitude of undernutrition in children aged 2 to 4 years using CIAF and conventional indices in the slums of Mumbai city.

Savanur MS ，Ghugre PS 《-》

Developing and demonstrating an atomistic and holistic model of anthropometric failure among children under five years of age using the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-5 data from India.

Nandeep ER ，Jaleel A ，Reddy PB ，Geddam JJB ，Reddy SN ，Hemalatha R ... -  《Frontiers in Nutrition》

Prevalence and correlates of the composite index of anthropometric failure among children under 5 years old in Bangladesh.

The prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight are reported separately. However, the data of the multiple anthropometric failures combinations of these conventional indicators are scant. This study attempted to estimate the overall burden of undernutrition among children under 5 years old, using the composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF), and to explore the correlates. The study used secondary data from the Bangladesh demographic and health surveys (BDHS), undertaken in 2014. CIAF provides an overall prevalence of undernutrition, which gives six mutually exclusive anthropometric measurements of height-for- age, height-for-weight, and weight-for-age. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore the correlates of CIAF. The overall prevalence of undernutrition using the CIAF was 48.3% (95% CI [47.1%, 49.5%]) among the children under 5 years old. The prevalence of anthropometric failure due to a combination of both stunting and underweight was 18.2%, wasting and underweight was 5.5%, and wasting, underweight, and stunting was 5.7%. The odds of CIAF were higher among young maternal age, having the poorest socio-economic status, living in rural areas, higher order of birth, and received no vaccination compared with other counterparts. In Bangladesh, one out of two children has undernutrition, which is preventing the potential of the millions of children. Mothers who gave birth before age 20 living in the rural areas with belonging to lower socio-economic status and whose children had a higher order of birth and receive no vaccination were observed as the main determinants of undernutrition. Nutrition sensitive interventions along with social protection programmes are crucial to deal the underlying causes of undernutrition.

Islam MS ，Biswas T 《-》

Comparison of Child Undernutrition Anthropometric Indicators Across 56 Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Gausman J ，Kim R ，Li Z ，Tu L ，Rajpal S ，Joe W ，Subramanian SV ... -  《JAMA Network Open》