Bacillus subtilis suppresses the charcoal rot disease by inducing defence responses and physiological attributes in soybean.

Endophytes can induce the defence responses and modulates physiological attributes in host plants during pathogen attacks. In the present study, 127 bacterial endophytes (BEs) were isolated from different parts of healthy soybean plant. Among them, two BEs (M-2 and M-4) resulted a significant antagonistic property against Macrophomina phaseolina, causes charcoal rot disease in soybean. The antagonistic potential was evaluated through dual culture plate assay, where M-4 expressed higher antifungal activity than M-2 against M. phaseolina. The M-4 produces cell wall degrading enzymes viz. cellulase (145.71 ± 1.34 μgmL-1), chitinase (0.168 ± 0.0009 unitmL-1) and β,1-3 endoglucanase (162.14 ± 2.5 μgmL-1), which helps in cell wall disintegration of pathogens. Additionally, M-4 also can produce siderophores, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (17.03 ± 1.10 μgmL-1) and had a phosphate solubilization potential (19.89 ± 0.26 μgmL-1). Further, GC-MS profiling of M-4 has been carried out to demonstrate the production of lipophilic secondary metabolites which efficiently suppress the M. phaseolina defensive compounds under co-culture conditions. Bio-efficacy study of M-4 strain shown a significant reduction in disease incidence around 60 and 80% in resistant and susceptible varieties of soybean, respectively. The inoculation of M-4 potentially enhances the physiological attributes and triggers various defence responsive enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenol peroxidase (PPO), peroxidase (PO) and catalase (CAT). The histopathological study also confirmed that M-4 can reduce the persistence of microsclerotia in root and shoot tissue. Conclusively, M-4 revealed as an efficient biocontrol agent that can uses multifaceted measures for charcoal rot disease management, by suppress the M. phaseolina infection and enhance the physiological attributes of soybean.

Chauhan P ，Bhattacharya A ，Giri VP ，Singh SP ，Gupta SC ，Verma P ，Dwivedi A ，Rajput LS ，Mishra A ... -  《-》

Unleashing Bacillus species as versatile antagonists: Harnessing the biocontrol potentials of the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria to combat Macrophomina phaseolina infection in Gloriosa superba.

Charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina is one of the most devastating diseases that cause severe yield loss in Gloriosa superba cultivation. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are extensively harnessed as biocontrol agents due to their effectiveness in combating a wide array of plant pathogens through a multifaceted approach. The present study delved into the mechanisms underlying its ability to inhibit root rot pathogen and its capacity to promote plant growth in G. superba, commonly known as glory lily. PGPR isolated from the rhizosphere of glory lily were subjected to in vitro assessments using the dual plate technique. The isolated Bacillus subtilis BGS-10 and B. velezensis BGS-21 showed higher mycelial inhibition (61%) against M. phaseolina. These strains also promote plant growth by producing indole-3-acetic acid, siderophore, ammonia, amylase, cellulase, pectinase, xylanase, and lipase chemicals. Genome screening of BGS-10 and BGS-21 revealed the presence of antimicrobial peptide genes such as Iturin (ituD gene), surfactin (srfA and sfp genes) along with the mycolytic enzyme β-1,3-glucanase. Further, the presence of secondary metabolites in the bacterial secretome was identified through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Notably, pyrrolo[1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl), 9 H-pyrido[3,4-b] indole and L-leucyl-D-leucine exhibited the highest docking score against enzymes responsible for pathogen growth and plant cell wall degradation. Under glasshouse conditions, tuber treatment and soil application of talc-based formulation of B. subtilis BGS-10 and B. velezensis BGS-21 suppress the root rot incidence with a minimal disease incidence of 27.78% over untreated control. Concurrently, there was a notable induction of defense-related enzymes, including peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), in glory lily. Therefore, it can be concluded that plant growth-promoting Bacillus strains play a significant role in fortifying the plant's defense mechanisms against the root rot pathogen.

Dhanabalan S ，Muthusamy K ，Iruthayasamy J ，Kumaresan PV ，Ravikumar C ，Kandasamy R ，Natesan S ，Periyannan S ... -  《-》

Facets of rhizospheric microflora in biocontrol of phytopathogen Macrophomina phaseolina in oil crop soybean.

Dave K ，Gothalwal R ，Singh M ，Joshi N ... -  《-》

Toxin Production in Soybean (Glycine max L.) Plants with Charcoal Rot Disease and by Macrophomina phaseolina, the Fungus that Causes the Disease.

Abbas HK ，Bellaloui N ，Accinelli C ，Smith JR ，Shier WT ... -  《Toxins》

Evaluation of native bacteria and manganese phosphite for alternative control of charcoal root rot of soybean.

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are potential agents to control plant pathogens and their combined use with biopesticides such as phosphites may constitute a novel strategy to incorporate in disease management programs. In the present study, 11 bacterial isolates were selected on the basis of their antagonistic activity against Macrophomina phaseolina in dual-culture tests, and their plant growth promoting traits. Selected isolates were characterised on the basis of auxin and siderophore production, phosphate solubilisation and rep-PCR genomic fingerprinting. Two of these isolates, identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens 9 and Bacillus subtilis 54, were further evaluated for their inhibitory capacity against M. phaseolina using in vitro (on soybean seeds) and in vivo (greenhouse assay) tests. Both bacteria were applied individually as well as in combined treatment with manganese phosphite as seed treatments. Damage severity on soybean seeds was significantly reduced, compared with the untreated control, by both bacterial strains; however, the individual application of phosphite showed to be least effective in controlling M. phaseolina. Interestingly, the phosphite treatment improved its performance under greenhouse conditions compared to the results from the in vitro assays. In the greenhouse trials, the greatest reductions in disease severity were achieved when strain P. fluorescens 9 was applied singly or when strain B. subtilis 54 was combined with manganese phosphite, achieving 82% of control in both cases. This work is the first to report the control of M. phaseolina using combined treatment with PGPR and phosphite under greenhouse conditions.

Simonetti E ，Viso NP ，Montecchia M ，Zilli C ，Balestrasse K ，Carmona M ... -  《-》