A Novel Immune-Related Gene Signature Predicts Prognosis of Lung Adenocarcinoma.

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common form of lung cancer, accounting for 30% of all cases and 40% of all non-small-cell lung cancer cases. Immune-related genes play a significant role in predicting the overall survival and monitoring the status of the cancer immune microenvironment. The present study was aimed at finding an immune-related gene signature for predicting LUAD patient outcomes. First, we chose the TCGA-LUAD project in the TCGA database as the training cohort for model training. For model validating, we found the datasets of GSE72094 and GSE68465 in the GEO database and took them as the candidate cohorts. We obtained 1793 immune-related genes from the ImmPort database and put them into a univariate Cox proportional hazard model to initially look for the genes with potential prognostic ability using the data of the training cohort. These identified genes then entered into a random survival forests-variable hunting algorithm for the best combination of genes for prognosis. In addition, the LASSO Cox regression model tested whether the gene combination can be further shrinkage, thereby constructing a gene signature. The Kaplan-Meier, Cox model, and ROC curve were deployed to examine the gene signature's prognosis in both cohorts. We conducted GSEA analysis to study further the mechanisms and pathways that involved the gene signature. Finally, we performed integrating analyses about the 22 TICs, fully interpreted the relationship between our signature and each TIC, and highlighted some TICs playing vital roles in the signature's prognostic ability. A nine-gene signature was produced from the data of the training cohort. The Kaplan-Meier estimator, Cox proportional hazard model, and ROC curve confirmed the independence and predictive ability of the signature, using the data from the validation cohort. The GSEA analysis results illustrated the gene signature's mechanism and emphasized the importance of immune-related pathways for the gene signature. 22 TICs immune infiltration analysis revealed resting mast cells' key roles in contributing to gene signature's prognostic ability. This study discovered a novel immune-related nine-gene signature (BTK, CCR6, S100A10, SEMA3C, GPI, SCG2, TNFRSF11A, CCL20, and DKK1) that predicts LUAD prognosis precisely and associates with resting mast cells strongly.

Ma C ，Li F ，Wang Z ，Luo H ... -  《-》

A Novel Gene Signature based on Immune Cell Infiltration Landscape Predicts Prognosis in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients.

Ma C 《-》

A more novel and powerful prognostic gene signature of lung adenocarcinoma determined from the immune cell infiltration landscape.

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the leading histological subtype of lung cancer worldwide, causing high mortality each year. The tumor immune cell infiltration (ICI) is closely associated with clinical outcome with LUAD patients. The present study was designed to construct a gene signature based on the ICI of LUAD to predict prognosis. Downloaded the raw data of three cohorts of the TCGA-LUAD, GSE72094, and GSE68465 and treat them as training cohort, validation cohort one, and validation cohort two for this research. Unsupervised clustering detailed grouped LUAD cases of the training cohort based on the ICI profile. The univariate Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier was adopted to identify potential prognostic genes from the differentially expressed genes recognized from the ICI clusters. A risk score-based prognostic signature was subsequently developed using LASSO-penalized Cox regression analysis. The Kaplan-Meier analysis, Cox analysis, ROC, IAUC, and IBS were constructed to assess the ability to predict the prognosis and effects of clinical variables in another two independent validation cohorts. More innovatively, we searched similar papers in the most recent year and made comprehensive comparisons with ours. GSEA was used to discover the related signaling pathway. The immune relevant signature correlation identification and immune infiltrating analysis were used to evaluate the potential role of the signature for immunotherapy and recognize the critical immune cell that can influence the signature's prognosis capability. A signature composed of thirteen gene including ABCC2, CCR2, CERS4, CMAHP, DENND1C, ECT2, FKBP4, GJB3, GNG7, KRT6A, PCDH7, PLK1, and VEGFC, was identified as significantly associated with the prognosis in LUAD patients. The thirteen-gene signature exhibited independence in evaluating the prognosis of LUAD patients in our training and validation cohorts. Compared to our predecessors, our model has an advantage in predictive power. Nine well know immunotherapy targets, including TBX2, TNF, CTLA4, HAVCR2, GZMB, CD8A, PRF1, GZMA, and PDCD1 were recognized correlating with our signature. The mast cells were found to play vital parts in backing on the thirteen-gene signature's outcome predictive capacity. Collectively, the current study indicated a robust thirteen-gene signature that can accurately predict LUAD prognosis, which is superior to our predecessors in predictive ability. The immune relevant signatures, TBX2, TNF, CTLA4, HAVCR2, GZMB, CD8A, PRF1, GZMA, PDCD1, and mast cells infiltrating were found closely correlate with the thirteen-gene signature's power.

Ma C ，Li F ，He Z ，Zhao S ... -  《Frontiers in Surgery》

Development and Validation of a Robust Ferroptosis-Related Prognostic Signature in Lung Adenocarcinoma.

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common subtype of non-small cell lung cancer. Ferroptosis is a newly recognized process of cell death, which is different from other forms of cell death in morphology, biochemistry, and genetics, and has played a vital role in cancer biology. This study aimed to identify a ferroptosis-related gene signature associated with LUAD prognosis. Dataset TCGA-LUAD which came from the TCGA portal was taken as the training cohort. GSE72094 and GSE68465 from the GEO database were treated as validation cohorts. Two hundred fifty-nine ferroptosis-related genes were retrieved from the FerrDb database. In the training cohort, Kaplan-Meier and univariate Cox analyses were conducted for preliminary screening of ferroptosis-related genes with potential prognostic capacity. These genes then entered into the LASSO Cox regression model, constructing a gene signature. The latter was then evaluated in the training and validation cohorts via Kaplan-Meier, Cox, and ROC analyses. In addition, the correlations between risk score and autophagy were examined by Pearson correlation coefficient. The analyses of GSEA and immune infiltrating were performed for better studying the function annotation of the gene signature and the character of each kind of immune cells played in the tumor microenvironment. A 15-gene signature was found from the training cohort and validated by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses, revealing its independent prognosis value in LUAD. Moreover, the ROC analysis was conducted, confirming a strong predictive ability that this signature owned for LUAD prognosis. One hundred fifty-one of 222 (68.01%) autophagy-related genes were discovered significantly correlated with risk scores. Analyses of GSEA and immune infiltration exhibited in detail the specific pathways that associate with the 15-gene signature and identified the crucial roles of resting mast cells and resting dendritic cells owned in the prognosis of the 15-gene signature. In this present study, a novel ferroptosis-related 15-gene signature (RELA, ACSL3, YWHAE, EIF2S1, CISD1, DDIT4, RRM2, PANX1, TLR4, ARNTL, LPIN1, HERPUD1, NCOA4, PEBP1, and GLS2) was built. It could accurately predict the prognosis of LUAD and was related to resting mast cells and resting dendritic cells, which provide potential for the personalized outcome prediction and the development of new therapies in LUAD population.

Zhang A ，Yang J ，Ma C ，Li F ，Luo H ... -  《Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology》

A more novel and robust gene signature predicts outcome in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a life-threatening thoracic tumor with a poor prognosis. The tumor microenvironment (TME) mainly comprises tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells mixed with stromal components. The latest research has displayed that tumor immune cell infiltration (ICI) is closely connected with the ESCC patients' clinical prognosis. This study was designed to construct a gene signature based on the ICI of ESCC to predict prognosis. Based on the selection criteria we set, the eligible ESCC cases from the GSE53625 and TCGA-ESCA datasets were chosen for the training cohort and the validation cohort, respectively. Unsupervised clustering detailed grouped ESCC cases of the training cohort based on the ICI profile. We determined the differential expression genes (DEGs) between the ICI clusters, and, subsequently, we adopted the univariate Cox analysis to recognize DEGs with prognostic potential. These screened DEGs underwent a Lasso regression, which then generated a gene signature. The harvested signature's predictive ability was further examined by the Kaplan-Meier analysis, Cox analysis, ROC, IAUC, and IBS. More importantly, we listed similar studies in the most recent year and compared theirs with ours. We performed the functional annotation, immune relevant signature correlation analysis, and immune infiltrating analysis to thoroughly understand the functional mechanism of the signature and the immune cells' roles in the gene signature's predicting capacity. A sixteen-gene signature (ARSD, BCAT1, BIK, CLDN11, DLEU7-AS1, GGH, IGFBP2, LINC01037, LINC01446, LINC01497, M1AP, PCSK2, PCSK5, PPP2R2A, TIGD7, and TMSB4X) was generated from the Lasso model. We then confirmed the signature as having solid and stable prognostic capacity by several statistical methods. We revealed the superiority of our signature after comparing it to our predecessors, and the GSEA uncovered the specifically mechanism of action related to the gene signature. Two immune relevant signatures, including GZMA and LAG3 were identified associating with our signature. The immune-infiltrating analysis identified crucial roles of resting mast cells, which potentially support the sixteen-gene signature's prognosis ability. We discovered a robust sixteen-gene signature that can accurately predict ESCC prognosis. The immune relevant signatures, GZMA and LAG3, and resting mast cells infiltrating were closely linked to the sixteen-gene signature's ability.

Ma C ，Luo H 《-》