Generative machine learning for de novo drug discovery: A systematic review.

Recent research on artificial intelligence indicates that machine learning algorithms can auto-generate novel drug-like molecules. Generative models have revolutionized de novo drug discovery, rendering the explorative process more efficient. Several model frameworks and input formats have been proposed to enhance the performance of intelligent algorithms in generative molecular design. In this systematic literature review of experimental articles and reviews over the last five years, machine learning models, challenges associated with computational molecule design along with proposed solutions, and molecular encoding methods are discussed. A query-based search of the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, Wiley Online Library, arXiv, MDPI, bioRxiv, and IEEE Xplore databases yielded 87 studies. Twelve additional studies were identified via citation searching. Of the articles in which machine learning was implemented, six prominent algorithms were identified: long short-term memory recurrent neural networks (LSTM-RNNs), variational autoencoders (VAEs), generative adversarial networks (GANs), adversarial autoencoders (AAEs), evolutionary algorithms, and gated recurrent unit (GRU-RNNs). Furthermore, eight central challenges were designated: homogeneity of generated molecular libraries, deficient synthesizability, limited assay data, model interpretability, incapacity for multi-property optimization, incomparability, restricted molecule size, and uncertainty in model evaluation. Molecules were encoded either as strings, which were occasionally augmented using randomization, as 2D graphs, or as 3D graphs. Statistical analysis and visualization are performed to illustrate how approaches to machine learning in de novo drug design have evolved over the past five years. Finally, future opportunities and reservations are discussed.

Martinelli DD 《-》

De Novo Peptide and Protein Design Using Generative Adversarial Networks: An Update.

Lin E ，Lin CH ，Lane HY 《-》

Navigating the frontier of drug-like chemical space with cutting-edge generative AI models.

Deep generative models (GMs) have transformed the exploration of drug-like chemical space (CS) by generating novel molecules through complex, nontransparent processes, bypassing direct structural similarity. This review examines five key architectures for CS exploration: recurrent neural networks (RNNs), variational autoencoders (VAEs), generative adversarial networks (GANs), normalizing flows (NF), and Transformers. It discusses molecular representation choices, training strategies for focused CS exploration, evaluation criteria for CS coverage, and related challenges. Future directions include refining models, exploring new notations, improving benchmarks, and enhancing interpretability to better understand biologically relevant molecular properties.

Lavecchia A 《-》

A Systematic Review of Deep Learning Methodologies Used in the Drug Discovery Process with Emphasis on In Vivo Validation.

Koutroumpa NM ，Papavasileiou KD ，Papadiamantis AG ，Melagraki G ，Afantitis A ... -  《-》

Relevant Applications of Generative Adversarial Networks in Drug Design and Discovery: Molecular De Novo Design, Dimensionality Reduction, and De Novo Peptide and Protein Design.

Lin E ，Lin CH ，Lane HY 《MOLECULES》