Functional Extracellular Vesicles for Regenerative Medicine.

The unique biological characteristics and promising clinical potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) have galvanized EV applications for regenerative medicine. Recognized as important mediators of intercellular communication, naturally secreted EVs have the potential, as innate biotherapeutics, to promote tissue regeneration. Although EVs have emerged as novel therapeutic agents, challenges related to the clinical transition have led to further functionalization. In recent years, various engineering approaches such as preconditioning, drug loading, and surface modification have been developed to potentiate the therapeutic outcomes of EVs. Also, limitations of natural EVs have been addressed by the development of artificial EVs that offer advantages in terms of production yield and isolation methodologies. In this review, an updated overview of current techniques is provided for the functionalization of natural EVs and recent advances in artificial EVs, particularly in the scope of regenerative medicine.

Kim HY ，Kwon S ，Um W ，Shin S ，Kim CH ，Park JH ，Kim BS ... -  《-》

The Emerging Potential of Extracellular Vesicles in Cell-Free Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine.

Alqurashi H ，Ortega Asencio I ，Lambert DW 《-》

Engineering approaches for effective therapeutic applications based on extracellular vesicles.

The biological significance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as intercellular communication mediators has been increasingly revealed in a wide range of normal physiological processes and disease pathogenesis. In particular, regenerative and immunomodulatory EVs hold potential as innate biotherapeutics, whereas pathological EVs are considered therapeutic targets for inhibiting their bioactivity. Given their ability to transport functional cargos originating from the source cells to target cells, EVs can also be used as a therapeutic means to deliver drug molecules. This review aims to provide an updated overview of the key engineering approaches for better exploiting EVs in disease intervention. The emphasis is lying on the preconditioning methods for therapeutic EVs, drug loading and targeting technologies for carrier EVs, and activity control strategies for pathological EVs.

Kwon S ，Shin S ，Do M ，Oh BH ，Song Y ，Bui VD ，Lee ES ，Jo DG ，Cho YW ，Kim DH ，Park JH ... -  《-》

Stem Cells-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Potential Therapeutics for Wound Healing in Chronic Inflammatory Skin Diseases.

Manchon E ，Hirt N ，Bouaziz JD ，Jabrane-Ferrat N ，Al-Daccak R ... -  《INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES》

Methods for loading therapeutics into extracellular vesicles and generating extracellular vesicles mimetic-nanovesicles.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane bound vesicles released into the extracellular environment by eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. EVs are enriched in active biomolecules and they can horizontally transfer cargo to recipient cells. In recent years EVs have demonstrated promising clinical applications due to their theragnostic potential. Although EVs have promising therapeutic potential, there are several challenges associated with using EVs before transition from the laboratory to clinical use. Some of these challenges include issues around low yield, isolation and purification methodologies, and efficient engineering (loading) of EVs with therapeutic cargo. Also, to achieve higher therapeutic efficiency, EV architecture and cargo may need to be manipulated prior to clinical application. Some of these issues have been addressed by developing biomimetic EVs. EV mimetic-nanovesicles (M-NVs) are a type of artificial EVs which can be generated from all cell types with comparable characteristics as EVs for an alternative therapeutic modality. In this review, we will discuss current techniques for modifying EVs and methodology used to generate and customize EV mimetic-nanovesicles.

Nasiri Kenari A ，Cheng L ，Hill AF 《-》