Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicit immunogenicity and T-cell responses in people living with HIV.

To date, the effects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines on people living with HIV (PLWH) were mainly focused on messenger RNA (mRNA) and adenovirus vector-based vaccines, and little is known about the effects of inactivated virus-based vaccine. This study was designed to determine the effects of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines on PLWH. Twenty-four HIV-positive individuals and 24 healthy donors (HD) were respectively recruited from Malipo Country People's Hospital and community in Kunming city. Enumeration of lymphocyte and CD4+CD45RO+ memory T cells were evaluated by flow cytometry. Competitive ELISA was used to measure the level of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralization antibody. Spearman or Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between laboratory indicators and neutralization antibodies in PLWH. T-cell responses (Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg) and intracellular expression of cytokines (IL-2 and TNF-α) in CD4 or CD8 were induced by spike protein in SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-2-S) and further measured by intracellular staining. CD4, B cells, CD4+CD45RO+ memory T cells in peripheral blood of PLWH are dramatically decreased in comparison with HD. Importantly, PLWH display comparable neutralizing antibody positive rate to HD after inoculation with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. However, PLWH showed weaker responses to vaccines exhibited by lower levels of neutralizing antibodies. Correlation analysis shows that this is possibly caused by low number of CD4 and B cells. Furthermore, SARS-2-S-induced Th2 and Th17 responses are also decreased in PLWH, while no influences on Treg and other cytokines (IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ) observed. PLWH and HD have comparable neutralizing antibodies positive rates, but PLWH display weaker responses to inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in magnitude, which suggests that a booster dose or dose adjustment are required for HIV-infected individuals, especially for those with lower counts of CD4 T and B cells.

Lv Z ，Li Q ，Feng Z ，Zheng X ，NaYin ，Yang H ，Gu Q ，Ying S ，Qi Y ，Li X ，Wu R ，Wu Z ，Yu X ，Zou N ，Qin D ，Wan C ... -  《-》

Comparing Immune Responses to Inactivated Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 between People Living with HIV and HIV-Negative Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Study in China.

Huang X ，Yan Y ，Su B ，Xiao D ，Yu M ，Jin X ，Duan J ，Zhang X ，Zheng S ，Fang Y ，Zhang T ，Tang W ，Wang L ，Wang Z ，Xu J ... -  《Viruses-Basel》

A third (booster) dose of the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine elicits immunogenicity and T follicular helper cell responses in people living with HIV.

Lv Z ，Lv S ，Li Q ，Xia Y ，Feng Z ，Zhang H ，Yang H ，Wu Z ，Zou N ，Mo Q ，Gu Q ，Ying S ，Wang X ，Qin D ，Wan C ... -  《Frontiers in Immunology》

Characterization of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Induced by Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccines in a Real-World Setting.

While the immunogenicity of inactivated vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been characterized in several well-conducted clinical trials, real-world evidence concerning immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) raised by such vaccines is currently missing. Here, we comprehensively characterized various parameters of SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immune responses induced by inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in 126 individuals under real-world conditions. After two doses of vaccination, S-receptor binding domain IgG (S-RBD IgG) and neutralizing antibody (NAb) were detected in 87.06% (74/85) and 78.82% (67/85) of individuals, respectively. Female participants developed higher concentrations of S-RBD IgG and NAb compared to male vaccinees. Interestingly, a longer dosing interval between the first and second vaccination resulted in a better long-term SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG response. The frequencies of CD4+ T cells that produce effector cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α) in response to stimulation with peptide pools corresponding to the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S), nucleocapsid (N) or membrane (M) protein were significantly higher in individuals received two doses of vaccine than those received one dose of vaccine and unvaccinated individuals. S, N, or M-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were detectable in 95.83% (69/72) and 54.16% (39/72) of double-vaccinated individuals, respectively. The longitudinal analysis demonstrated that CD4+ T cell responses recognizing S, N, and M waned quickly after a single vaccine dose, but were boosted and became more sustained following a second dose. Overall, we provide a comprehensive characterization of immune responses induced by inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in real-world settings, suggesting that both humoral and cellular SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity are elicited in the majority of individuals after two doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines.

Li Z ，Xiang T ，Liang B ，Deng H ，Wang H ，Feng X ，Quan X ，Wang X ，Li S ，Lu S ，Yang X ，Wang B ，Zelinskyy G ，Trilling M ，Sutter K ，Lu M ，Dittmer U ，Yang D ，Zheng X ，Liu J ... -  《Frontiers in Immunology》

Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in people living with HIV in the Netherlands: A nationwide prospective cohort study.

Hensley KS ，Jongkees MJ ，Geers D ，GeurtsvanKessel CH ，Mueller YM ，Dalm VASH ，Papageorgiou G ，Steggink H ，Gorska A ，Bogers S ，den Hollander JG ，Bierman WFW ，Gelinck LBS ，Schippers EF ，Ammerlaan HSM ，van der Valk M ，van Vonderen MGA ，Delsing CE ，Gisolf EH ，Bruns AHW ，Lauw FN ，Berrevoets MAH ，Sigaloff KCE ，Soetekouw R ，Branger J ，de Mast Q ，Lammers AJJ ，Lowe SH ，de Vries RD ，Katsikis PD ，Rijnders BJA ，Brinkman K ，Roukens AHE ，Rokx C ... -  《-》