Are there gender differences in the trajectories of self-rated health among chinese older adults? an analysis of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS).
Self-rated health (SRH) is a good predictor of morbidity and mortality. Extensive research has shown that females generally report poorer SRH than males but still tend to live longer. Previous studies used cross-sectional or pooled data for their analyses while ignoring the dynamic changes in males' and females' SRH statuses over time. Furthermore, longitudinal studies, especially those that focus on older adults, typically suffer from the incompleteness of data. As such, the effect of dropout data on the trajectories of SRH is still unknown. Our objective is to examine whether there are any gender differences in the trajectories of SRH statuses in Chinese older adults.
The trajectories of SRH were estimated using the pattern-mixture model (PMM), a special latent growth model, under non-ignorable dropout data assumption. We analyzed the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) data of 15,613 older adults aged 65 years and above, collected from 2005 to 2014.
The results demonstrated the effect of non-ignorable dropout data assumptions in this study. The previous SRH score was negatively associated with the likelihood of dropping out of the study at the next follow-up survey. Our results showed that both males and females in China perceive their SRH as decreasing over time. A significant gender difference was found in the average SRH score (female SRH was lower than male SRH) in this study. Nonetheless, based on the results obtained using the PMM, there are no gender differences in the trajectories of SRH at baseline as well as in the rate of decline among the total sample. The results also show that males and females respond to SRH predictors similarly, except that current drinking has a more pronounced positive effect on males and healthcare accessibility has a more pronounced positive effect on females.
Our results suggest that missing data have an impact on the trajectory of SRH among Chinese older adults. Under the non-ignorable dropout data assumptions, no gender differences were found in trajectories of SRH among Chinese older adults. Males and females respond to SRH predictors similarly, except for current drinking habit and healthcare accessibility.
Cui S
，Yu Y
，Dong W
，Xu T
，Huang Y
，Zhang X
，Chen C
... -
《BMC Geriatrics》
Self-rated health, interviewer-rated health, and objective health, their changes and trajectories over time, and the risk of mortality in Chinese adults.
Self-rated health (SRH), interviewer-rated health (IRH), and objective health reflect the overall health status from different aspects. This study aimed to investigate the associations of SRH, IRH, and objective health with mortality among Chinese older adults.
This study used data from the 2008 (baseline), 2011, 2014 and 2018 waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. SRH and IRH were evaluated by questionnaire. Objective health was evaluated by the Chinese multimorbidity-weighted index (CMWI), which incorporated 14 diagnosed chronic diseases. SRH, IRH, and CMWI were assessed as: (1) baseline levels; (2) longitudinal changes by subtracting the values obtained in 2008 from the corresponding values in 2014; (3) trajectories by Group-Based Trajectory Modeling, respectively. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to explore the associations of baseline SRH, IRH, and CMWI, their changes, and trajectories with mortality.
A total of 13,800 participants were included at baseline (2008). The baseline SRH ([hazard ratio] 0.93, [95% confidence interval] 0.91-0.96), IRH (0.84, 0.81-0.87), and CMWI (0.99, 0.98-1.00) in 2008 were significantly associated with 10-year mortality (2008 to 2018). Among 3,610 participants, the changes of SRH (0.93, 0.87-0.98), IRH (0.77, 0.71-0.83), and CMWI (0.97, 0.95-0.99) from 2008 to 2014 were significantly associated with 4-year mortality (2014-2018). The trajectories were divided into "high SRH/IRH/CMWI" and "low and declining SRH/IRH/CMWI." Compared with "low and declining SRH/IRH/CMWI," "high SRH" (0.58, 0.48-0.70), "high IRH" (0.66, 0.55-0.80), and "high CMWI" (0.74, 0.61-0.89) from 2008 to 2014 were significantly associated with 4-year mortality (2014-2018).
Baseline SRH, IRH, and CMWI, their changes and trajectories are all associated with mortality in Chinese older adults. It is possibly necessary to promote the use of cost-effective indicators in primary medical institutions to improve the health management of the older adults.
Shan S
，Cao J
，Tang K
，Cheng S
，Ren Z
，Li S
，Sun W
，Hou L
，Yi Q
，Chen D
，Song P
... -
《Frontiers in Public Health》
Factors affecting trajectory patterns of self-rated health (SRH) in an older population--a community-based longitudinal study.
Self-rated health (SRH) is considered a relevant and important predictor for major health outcomes in the older population. SRH status may interact with certain factors and change over a person's lifetime. In this study, we sought to characterize profiles of older people over time by constructing prototypical trajectories of the variable of interest, namely SRH. The underlying assumption was that the collection of observed individual trajectories could be efficiently summarized by a smaller set of latent clusters of those trajectories. Data was obtained from the Longitudinal Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan, which was conducted between 1989 and 2003 and included five separate waves of survey. A total of 3937 subjects aged 60 or older (2251 males and 1686 females) comprised the major analytic cohort. Latent Class Growth Analysis (LCGA) was used to identify developmental classes of trajectory patterns in SRH. The results showed that during a 14-year period, SRH developed five major longitudinal trajectories. Less than one-third of the older population was able to maintain their formerly good or moderate health status; when change occurred, decline was more likely than improvement. In addition, LCGA indicated that many demographic characteristics, as well as physical and psychological propensities, were associated with poor SRH in the older population. Specifically, these factors played a role in involving baseline SRH level and its trend toward deterioration in later life. Health care professionals must understand the various longitudinal patterns and factors affecting SRH trajectories if they are to develop programs aimed at maintaining the older population's health and well-being.
Lee HL
，Huang HC
，Lee MD
，Chen JH
，Lin KC
... -
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