The Impact of Enriched Resistant Starch Type-2 Cookies on the Gut Microbiome in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Resistant starch type-2 (RS2) can mitigate inflammation and oxidative stress in hemodialysis (HD) patients. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on the impact of the RS2 on the gut microbiota community in these patients. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effects of enriched RS2 cookies on the gut microbiome in HD patients. This comprises a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of age-, sex-, and BMI-matched patients and controls. The RS2 group receives enriched RS2 cookies (16 g d-1 of Hi-Maize 260, Ingredion) for 4 weeks, while the placebo group received cookies made with manioc flour. Fecal microbiota composition is evaluated by the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Analysis of the microbiota reveals that Pielou's evenness is significantly decreased after RS2 supplementation. Notably, it is observed that RS2 intervention upregulates significantly 8 Amplicon Sequencing Variants (ASV's), including Roseburia and Ruminococcus gauvreauii, which are short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) producers. Furthermore, it is associated with the downregulation of 11 ASVs, such as the pro-inflammatory Dialister. RS2 intervention for 4 weeks in HD patients effectively alters SCFA producers in the gut microbiota, suggesting that it could be a good nutritional strategy for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on HD.

Kemp JA ，Regis de Paiva B ，Fragoso Dos Santos H ，Emiliano de Jesus H ，Craven H ，Z Ijaz U ，Alvarenga Borges N ，G Shiels P ，Mafra D ... -  《-》

Resistant Starch Type 2 from Wheat Reduces Postprandial Glycemic Response with Concurrent Alterations in Gut Microbiota Composition.

Hughes RL ，Horn WH ，Finnegan P ，Newman JW ，Marco ML ，Keim NL ，Kable ME ... -  《Nutrients》

Gut microbial features and dietary fiber intake predict gut microbiota response to resistant starch supplementation.

Devarakonda SLS ，Superdock DK ，Ren J ，Johnson LM ，Loinard-González AAP ，Poole AC ... -  《-》

Resistant starch type-2 enriched cookies modulate uremic toxins and inflammation in hemodialysis patients: a randomized, double-blind, crossover and placebo-controlled trial.

Esgalhado M ，Kemp JA ，Paiva BR ，Brito JS ，Cardozo LFMF ，Azevedo R ，Cunha DB ，Nakao LS ，Mafra D ... -  《-》

Conserved and variable responses of the gut microbiome to resistant starch type 2.

Resistant starch type 2 (RS2), a dietary fiber comprised solely of glucose, has been extensively studied in clinical trials and animal models for its capacity to improve metabolic and systemic health. Because the health modulatory effects of RS2 and other dietary fibers are thought to occur through modification of the gut microbiome, those studies frequently include assessments of RS2-mediated changes to intestinal microbial composition and function. In this review, we identify the conserved responses of the gut microbiome among 13 human and 35 animal RS2 intervention studies. Consistent outcomes of RS2 interventions include reductions in bacterial α-diversity; increased production of lumenal short-chain fatty acids; and enrichment of Ruminococcus bromii, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and other gut taxa. Different taxa are usually responsive in animal models, and many RS2-mediated changes to the gut microbiome vary within and between studies. The root causes for this variation are examined with regard to methodological and analytical differences, host genetics and age, species differences (eg, human, animal), health status, intervention dose and duration, and baseline microbial composition. The significant variation found for this single dietary compound highlights the challenges in targeting the gut microbiome to improve health with dietary interventions. This knowledge on RS2 also provides opportunities to improve the design of nutrition studies targeting the gut microbiome and to ultimately identify the precise mechanisms via which dietary fiber benefits human health.

Bendiks ZA ，Knudsen KEB ，Keenan MJ ，Marco ML ... -  《-》