Milk Polar Lipids Supplementation to Obese Rats During Pregnancy and Lactation Benefited Skeletal Outcomes of Male Offspring.

Dietary intervention to obese dams during pregnancy and lactation period provides avenues for improving metabolic profiles of the offspring. In the current study, the effects of polar lipids-enriched milk fat globule membrane (MFGM-PL) supplementation to obese dams during pregnancy and lactation on the skeletal outcomes of male offspring are investigated. MFGM-PL is supplemented to obese rats induced by high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation at a dose of 400 mg kg-1 body weight. Results show that maternal MFGM-PL supplementation significantly ameliorates the stunted skeletal growth of male offspring at weaning. In adulthood offspring, maternal MFGM-PL supplementation protects against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced bone microstructure degeneration and bone marrow adipocyte accumulation. Further investigation shows that maternal supplementation of MFGM-PL significantly ameliorates insulin resistance and increases the mRNA expression of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) in the hypothalamus of HFD offspring. The growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis is subsequently enhanced in MFGM-PL + HFD offspring, contributing to the beneficial skeletal outcomes. The findings suggest that maternal MFGM-PL supplementation of HFD dam during pregnancy and lactation shows desirable effects on fetal skeletal development, with lasting beneficial programming impacts on skeletal outcomes of offspring.

Han L ，Du M ，Ren F ，Mao X ... -  《-》

Supplementation of milk polar lipids to obese dams improves neurodevelopment and cognitive function in male offspring.

Milk contains about 4% fat globules with its surface covered by polar lipids. Despite the abundant consumption of dairy products, the biological effects of dietary milk polar lipids on metabolic health have only been sparsely examined. Maternal obesity results in neurodevelopmental disorders and cognitive impairment in offspring. Considering the importance of maternal nutrition, the effects of polar lipids-enriched milk fat globule membrane (MFGM-PL) supplementation to dams during pregnancy and lactation on neurodevelopment and its long-term programming effects on offspring cognition were examined. Female Sprague-Dawley rats consumed 8-week control diet (CON) or high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity before mating. Then, female rats were fed CON or HFD with or without the supplementation of 400 mg/kg body weight MFGM-PL during pregnancy and lactation. The offspring were fed 11-week HFD after weaning. MFGM-PL supplementation to obese dams suppressed body weight gain and hyperinsulinemia in both dams and offspring. Offspring born to obese dams displayed delayed neurological reflexes development, impaired neurogenesis before weaning, and cognitive impairment in adulthood, which were recovered by maternal MFGM-PL supplementation. Insulin resistance and aberrant brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling were induced in the hippocampus of neonatal and adult offspring due to maternal and progeny HFD, but recovered by maternal MFGM-PL administration. This study demonstrates that maternal MFGM-PL supplementation can promote neurodevelopment and exert long-term effects against HFD-induced cognitive impairment in offspring via alleviating hippocampal insulin resistance. Hence, MFGM-PL is a promising ingredient for exerting beneficial programming effects on the brain health of offspring.

Yuan QC ，Gong H ，Du M ，Mao XY ... -  《-》

Supplementation of polar lipids-enriched milk fat globule membrane in high-fat diet-fed rats during pregnancy and lactation promotes brown/beige adipocyte development and prevents obesity in male offspring.

Promoting brown adipose tissue (BAT) function or browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) provides a defense against obesity. The aim of the study was to investigate whether maternal polar lipids-enriched milk fat globule membrane (MFGM-PL) supplementation to high-fat diet (HFD) rats during pregnancy and lactation could promote brown/beige adipogenesis and protect against HFD-induced adiposity in offspring. Female SD rats were fed a HFD for 8 weeks to induce obesity and, then, fed a HFD during pregnancy and lactation with or without MFGM-PL. Male offspring were weaned at postnatal Day 21 and then fed a HFD for 9 weeks. MFGM-PL treatment to HFD dams decreased the body weight gain and WAT mass as well as lowered the serum levels of insulin and triglycerides in male offspring at weaning. MFGM-PL+HFD offspring showed promoted thermogenic function in BAT and inguinal WAT through the upregulation of UCP1 and other thermogenic genes. In adulthood, maternal MFGM-PL supplementation reduced adiposity and increased oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, and heat production in male offspring. The enhancement of energy expenditure was correlated with elevated BAT activity and inguinal WAT thermogenic program. In conclusion, maternal MFGM-PL treatment activated thermogenesis in offspring, which exerted long-term beneficial effects against HFD-induced obesity in later life.

Li T ，Gong H ，Yuan Q ，Du M ，Ren F ，Mao X ... -  《-》

Gut microbiota mediates the alleviative effect of polar lipids-enriched milk fat globule membrane on obesity-induced glucose metabolism disorders in peripheral tissues in rat dams.

Obesity during pregnancy and lactation not only increases the incidence of metabolic disorders and gestational diabetes in mothers, but also programs adiposity and related metabolic diseases in offspring. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of milk polar lipids on gut microbiota and glucose metabolism in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rat dams. Sprague Dawley (SD) female rats were fed a HFD for 8 weeks to induce obesity, followed by HFD with or without oral administration of polar lipids-enriched milk fat globule membrane (MFGM-PL) at 400 mg/kg BW during pregnancy and lactation. At the end of lactation, fresh fecal samples of dams were collected, the gut microbiota was assessed, and the insulin-signaling protein expression in peripheral tissues (adipose tissue, liver and skeletal muscle) were measured. MFGM-PL supplementation attenuated body weight gain, ameliorated serum lipid profiles and improved insulin sensitivity in obese dams at the end of lactation. 16 S rDNA sequencing revealed that MFGM-PL increased the community richness and diversity of gut microbiota. The composition of gut microbiota was also changed after MFGM-PL supplementation as shown by an increase in the ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes and the relative abundance of Akkermansia, as well as a decrease in the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae. The functional prediction of microbial communities by PICRUSt analysis showed that there were 7 KEGG pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism changed after MFGM-PL supplementation to HFD dams, including glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and insulin signaling pathway. Furthermore, MFGM-PL improved insulin signaling in the peripheral tissues including liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. MFGM-PL supplementation during pregnancy and lactation improves the glucose metabolism disorders in HFD-induced obese dams, which may be linked to the regulation of gut microbiota induced by MFGM-PL.

Li T ，Yuan Q ，Gong H ，Du M ，Mao X ... -  《-》

Polar lipid-enriched milk fat globule membrane supplementation in maternal high-fat diet promotes intestinal barrier function and modulates gut microbiota in male offspring.

Gong H ，Yuan Q ，Du M ，Mao X ... -  《-》