Advances in the Study of Antitumour Immunotherapy for Newcastle Disease Virus.

This article reviews the preclinical research, clinical application and development of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in the field of cancer therapy. Based on the distinctive antitumour properties of NDV and its positive interaction with the patient's immune system, this biologic could be considered a major breakthrough in cancer treatment. On one hand, NDV infection creates an inflammatory environment in the tumour microenvironment, which can directly activate NK cells, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells and promote the recruitment of immune cells. On the other hand, NDV can induce the upregulation of immune checkpoint molecules, which may break immune tolerance and immune checkpoint blockade resistance. In fact, clinical data have shown that NDV combined with immune checkpoint blockade can effectively enhance the antitumour response, leading to the regression of local tumours and distant tumours when injected, and this effect is further enhanced by targeted manipulation and modification of the NDV genome. At present, recombinant NDV and recombinant NDV combined with immune checkpoint blockers have entered different stages of clinical trials. Based on these studies, further research on NDV is warranted.

Meng Q ，He J ，Zhong L ，Zhao Y ... -  《International Journal of Medical Sciences》

Newcastle disease virus: a promising agent for tumour immunotherapy.

Malignant tumours are a major cause of mortality in humans. Currently used therapeutic regimens have not improved survival rates of patients suffering from malignant tumours much because of their limited efficacy and side-effects. A therapeutic approach that uses Newcastle disease virus (NDV) represents an attractive new tool for tumour immunotherapy. The present review highlights the mechanisms and advances that are likely to have considerable impact on NDV virotherapy. Significant evidence exists regarding the oncolytic effects of NDV, suggesting its potential use in the treatment of various tumours. Furthermore, clinical trials have suggested that several NDV strains have the potential for cancer virotherapy with few side-effects compared with traditional treatments. Many studies have been performed to investigate the oncolytic mechanisms of NDV. Apoptosis following NDV infection may contribute to the observed oncolytic effects; however, NDV could also stimulate both innate and adaptive antitumour immune responses. For many years, different approaches have been investigated (or are in the process of being developed) regarding the use of NDV for the treatment of malignancies. Recent advances using reverse genetics have provided a means of generating recombinant NDV strains with improved oncolytic and immune regulatory properties.

Zhao L ，Liu H 《-》

Repurposing infectious disease vaccines for intratumoral immunotherapy.

Intratumoral delivery of viruses and virus-associated molecular patterns can achieve antitumor effects that are largely mediated by the elicitation or potentiation of immune responses against the malignancy. Attenuated vaccines are approved and marketed as good manufactiring practice (GMP)-manufactured agents whose administration might be able to induce such effects. Recent reports in mouse transplantable tumor models indicate that the rotavirus, influenza and yellow fever vaccines can be especially suitable to elicit powerful antitumor immunity against cancer following intratumoral administration. These results highlight that intratumoral anti-infectious vaccines can turn cold tumors into hot, and underscore the key role played by virus-induced type I interferon pathways to overcome resistance to immune checkpoint-targeted antibodies.

Melero I ，Gato M ，Shekarian T ，Aznar A ，Valsesia-Wittmann S ，Caux C ，Etxeberrria I ，Teijeira A ，Marabelle A ... -  《Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer》

Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus as a prospective anti-cancer therapy. A biologic agent with potential to break therapy resistance.

Schirrmacher V 《-》

Oncolytic therapy and gene therapy for cancer: recent advances in antitumor effects of Newcastle disease virus.

Huang Z ，Liu M ，Huang Y 《-》