Association of social vulnerability with the use of high-volume and Magnet recognition hospitals for hepatopancreatic cancer surgery.

In an effort to improve perioperative and oncologic outcomes, there have been multiple quality improvement initiatives, including regionalization of high-risk procedures and hospital accreditation designations from independent organizations. These initiatives may, however, hinder access to high-quality surgical care for certain patients living in areas with high social vulnerability who may be disproportionally affected, leading to disparities in access and worse postoperative outcomes. Medicare beneficiaries who underwent liver or pancreas resection for cancer were identified using the 100% Medicare Inpatient Standard Analytic Files. Hospitals were designated as high-volume based on Leapfrog criteria. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's social vulnerability index database was used to abstract social vulnerability index information based on each beneficiary's county of residence at the time of operation. The probability that a patient received care at a high-volume hospital stratified by the social vulnerability of the patient's county of residence was examined. Risk-adjusted postoperative outcomes were compared across low, average, and high levels of vulnerability at both low- and high-volume hospitals. Among 16,978 Medicare beneficiaries who underwent a pancreatectomy (n = 13,393, 78%) or a liver resection (n = 3,594, 21.2%) for cancer, the mean age was 73.3 years (standard deviation: 5.8), nearly half the cohort was female (n = 7,819, 46%), and the overwhelming majority were White (n = 15,034, 88.5%). Mean social vulnerability index was 49.8 (standard deviation 24.8) and mean Charlson comorbidity index was 4.8 (standard deviation: 3). Overall, 8,251 (48.6%) of patients had their operations at a high-volume hospital, and 3,802 patients had their operations at a hospital with Magnet recognition. Age and sex were similar within the low-, average-, and high-social vulnerability index cohorts (P > .05); however, race differed across social vulnerability index groups. White patients made up 93% (n = 3,241) of the low social vulnerability index compared with 83.9% (n = 2,706) of the high-social vulnerability index group, whereas non-Whites made up 7% (n = 244) of the low-social vulnerability index group compared with 16.1% (n = 556) of the high-social vulnerability index group (P < .001). The risk-adjusted overall probability of having surgery at a high-volume hospital decreased as social vulnerability increased (odds ratio: 0.98, 95% confidence interval: 0.97-0.99). Risk-adjusted probability of postoperative complications increased with social vulnerability index; however, among patients with high social vulnerability, risk of postoperative complications was lower at high-volume hospitals compared with low-volume hospitals. In contrast, there was no difference in postoperative complications between hospitals with and without Magnet recognition across social vulnerability index. Patients residing in communities characterized by a high social vulnerability index were less likely to undergo high-risk cancer surgery at a high-volume hospital. Although postoperative complications and mortality increased as social vulnerability index increased, some of the risk appeared to be mitigated by having surgery at a high-volume hospital. These data highlight the importance of access to high-quality surgical care, especially among patients who may already be more vulnerable.

Diaz A ，Hyer JM ，Azap R ，Tsilimigras D ，Pawlik TM ... -  《-》

Patient Social Vulnerability and Hospital Community Racial/Ethnic Integration: Do All Patients Undergoing Pancreatectomy Receive the Same Care Across Hospitals?

The objective of the current study was to characterize the role of patient social vulnerability relative to hospital racial/ethnic integration on postoperative outcomes among patients undergoing pancreatectomy. The interplay between patient- and community-level factors on outcomes after complex surgery has not been well-examined. Medicare beneficiaries who underwent a pancreatectomy between 2013 and 2017 were identified utilizing 100% Medicare inpatient files. P-SVI was determined using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria, whereas H-REI was estimated using Shannon Diversity Index. Impact of P-SVI and H-REI on "TO" [ie, no surgical complication/extended length-of-stay (LOS)/90-day mortality/90-day readmission] was assessed. Among 24,500 beneficiaries who underwent pancreatectomy, 12,890 (52.6%) were male and median age was 72 years (Interquartile range: 68-77); 10,619 (43.3%) patients achieved a TO. The most common adverse postoperative outcome was 90-day readmission (n = 8,066, 32.9%), whereas the least common was 90-day mortality (n = 2282, 9.3%). Complications and extended LOS occurred in 30.4% (n = 7450) and 23.3% (n = 5699) of the cohort, respectively. Patients from an above average SVI county who underwent surgery at a below average REI hospital had 18% lower odds [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.74-0.95] of achieving a TO compared with patients from a below average SVI county who underwent surgery at a hospital with above average REI. Of note, patients from the highest SVI areas who underwent pancreatectomy at hospitals with the lowest REI had 30% lower odds (95% CI: 0.54-0.91) of achieving a TO compared with patients from very low SVI areas who underwent surgery at a hospital with high REI. Further comparisons of these 2 patient groups indicated 76% increased odds of 90-day mortality (95% CI: 1.10-2.82) and 50% increased odds of an extended LOS (95% CI: 1.07-2.11). Patients with high social vulnerability who underwent pancreatectomy in hospitals located in communities with low racial/ethnic integration had the lowest chance to achieve an "optimal" TO. A focus on both patient- and community-level factors is needed to ensure optimal and equitable patient outcomes.

Hyer JM ，Tsilimigras DI ，Diaz A ，Dalmacy D ，Paro A ，Pawlik TM ... -  《-》

Assessment of Magnet status and Textbook Outcomes among medicare beneficiaries undergoing hepato-pancreatic surgery for cancer.

The relationship between hospital Magnet status recognition and postoperative outcomes following complex cancer surgery remains ill-defined. We sought to characterize Textbook Outcome (TO) rates among patients undergoing (HP) surgery for cancer in Magnet versus non-Magnet centers. Medicare beneficiaries undergoing HP surgery between 2015 and 2017 were identified. The association of postoperative TO (no complications/extended length-of-stay/90-day mortality/90-day readmission) with Magnet designation was examined after adjusting for competing risk factors. Among 10,997 patients, 21.3% (n = 2337) patients underwent surgery at Magnet hospitals (non-Magnet centers: 78.7%, n = 8660). On multivariable analysis, patients undergoing HP surgery had comparable odds of achieving a TO at Magnet versus non-Magnet hospitals (hepatectomy: odds ratio [OR]: 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.94-1.17; pancreatectomy-OR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.74-1.06). Patients treated at hospitals with a high nurse-to-bed ratio had higher odds of achieving a TO irrespective of whether they received surgery at Magnet (high vs. low nurse-to-bed ratio; OR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.01-1.89) or non-Magnet centers (OR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.10-1.45). Similarly, hospital HP volume was strongly associated with higher odds of TO following HP surgery in both Magnet (Leapfrog compliant vs. noncompliant; OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.06-1.44) and non-Magnet centers (OR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.11-1.26). Hospital Magnet designation was not an independent factor of superior outcomes after HP surgery. Rather, hospital-level factors such as nurse-to-bed ratio and HP procedural volume drove outcomes.

Mehta R ，Tsilimigras DI ，Pawlik TM 《-》

Impact of hospital quality on surgical outcomes in patients with high social vulnerability: Association of textbook outcomes and social vulnerability by hospital quality.

We sought to define the impact of high- versus low-quality hospitals on the risk of adverse outcomes among patients undergoing hepatopancreatic surgery relative to social vulnerability. Social vulnerability is an important factor associated with risk of adverse postoperative outcomes. Patients from 2013 to 2017 were identified from the Medicare Inpatient Standard Analytic File. Hospital quality was determined by calculating risk-adjusted probability to achieve a textbook outcome. The Social Vulnerability Index was used to categorize patients. Risk-adjusted probability of mortality, morbidity, and textbook outcome was examined across varying social vulnerability indices stratified by low-, average-, and high-quality hospitals. Among 27,000 patients who underwent a pancreatectomy (67%) or hepatectomy (33%%), median patient age was 72 years, 48% were female, and 89% were White; mean Social Vulnerability Index was 49. Risk-adjusted 90-day mortality (odds ratio: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.20-1.59, P = .004) and postoperative complications (odds ratio: 1.12, 95% confidence interval: 1.00-1.24, P = .044) were both higher among beneficiaries from the highest social vulnerability counties versus the lowest counties. At low-quality hospitals, patients from the highest vulnerability counties had 70% higher odds of mortality (odds ratio: 1.70, 95% confidence interval: 1.16-2.48, P = .007), 31% higher odds of overall morbidity odds ratio: 1.31, 95% confidence interval: 1.05-2.63, P = .013), and 19% lower odds of achieving a textbook outcome (odds ratio: 0.81, 95% confidence interval: 0.66-0.99, P = .035)-all of which were markedly worse compared with outcomes achieved at high-quality hospitals. Among patients with increased social vulnerability, outcomes were considerably better at high-quality hospitals. Referral of socially vulnerable patients to high-quality hospitals represents an important opportunity to ensure optimal outcomes after complex surgery.

Diaz A ，Beane JD ，Hyer JM ，Tsilimigras D ，Pawlik TM ... -  《-》

The association of neighborhood social vulnerability with surgical textbook outcomes among patients undergoing hepatopancreatic surgery.

Previous studies have largely examined social determinants of health relative to individual surgery quality metrics. We sought to characterize possible differences in "textbook outcome," a composite measure of quality, relative to social vulnerability index. The Medicare Standard Analytical Files from 2013 to 2017 were used to identify beneficiaries who underwent hepatopancreatic surgery. Individuals were stratified into 3 groups dependent on their social vulnerability (low, average, high). Textbook outcome was defined as absence of postoperative surgical complications, prolonged length of stay, 90-day readmission, and 90-day mortality. Among 32,142 patients who underwent hepatopancreatic surgery, 18,841 (58.6%) patients underwent a pancreatectomy, whereas 13,301 (41.4%) underwent a hepatectomy. The overall incidence of textbook outcome after hepatopancreatic surgery was 51.2% (n = 16,445). Patients with a low social vulnerability index who underwent pancreatic resection more often achieved a textbook outcome versus patients who had an average or high social vulnerability index (low social vulnerability index: 48.3% vs average social vulnerability index: 46.5% vs high social vulnerability index: 44.9%; P = .004). The odds of obtaining a textbook outcome after pancreatic surgery was inversely associated with degree of vulnerability (low social vulnerability index, referent: average social vulnerability index: odds ratio 0.94, 95% confidence interval 0.87-1.00 vs high social vulnerability index: odds ratio 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.82-0.97). Similarly, social vulnerability index was independently associated with textbook outcome after hepatic resection. Likewise, there were increased risks and incidence of various postoperative surgical outcomes, including 90-day mortality and complications as the social vulnerability index increased. Only one-half (51.2%) of Medicare beneficiaries achieved the composite quality textbook outcome metric. Social vulnerability was associated with lower attainment of textbook outcome and an increased risk of adverse postoperative surgical outcomes after hepatopancreatic surgery.

Azap RA ，Paredes AZ ，Diaz A ，Hyer JM ，Pawlik TM ... -  《-》