Current Immunotherapies for Glioblastoma Multiforme.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive malignant tumor found in the central nervous system. Currently, standard treatments in the clinic include maximal safe surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy and are mostly limited by low therapeutic efficiency correlated with poor prognosis. Immunotherapy, which predominantly focuses on peptide vaccines, dendritic cell vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, checkpoint inhibitor therapy, and oncolytic virotherapy, have achieved some promising results in both preclinical and clinical trials. The future of immune therapy for GBM requires an integrated effort with rational combinations of vaccine therapy, cell therapy, and radio- and chemotherapy as well as molecule therapy targeting the tumor microenvironment.

Huang B ，Li X ，Li Y ，Zhang J ，Zong Z ，Zhang H ... -  《Frontiers in Immunology》

Emerging immunotherapies for glioblastoma.

Desai R ，Suryadevara CM ，Batich KA ，Farber SH ，Sanchez-Perez L ，Sampson JH ... -  《-》

Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma: Current Progress and Challenges.

Glioblastoma is a highly lethal brain cancer with a median survival rate of less than 15 months when treated with the current standard of care, which consists of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. With the recent success of immunotherapy in other aggressive cancers such as advanced melanoma and advanced non-small cell lung cancer, glioblastoma has been brought to the forefront of immunotherapy research. Resistance to therapy has been a major challenge across a multitude of experimental candidates and no immunotherapies have been approved for glioblastoma to-date. Intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity, an inherently immunosuppressive environment and tumor plasticity remain barriers to be overcome. Moreover, the unique tissue-specific interactions between the central nervous system and the peripheral immune system present an additional challenge for immune-based therapies. Nevertheless, there is sufficient evidence that these challenges may be overcome, and immunotherapy continues to be actively pursued in glioblastoma. Herein, we review the primary ongoing immunotherapy candidates for glioblastoma with a focus on immune checkpoint inhibitors, myeloid-targeted therapies, vaccines and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) immunotherapies. We further provide insight on mechanisms of resistance and how our understanding of these mechanisms may pave the way for more effective immunotherapeutics against glioblastoma.

Yu MW ，Quail DF 《Frontiers in Immunology》

Advances in Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma Multiforme.

Huang B ，Zhang H ，Gu L ，Ye B ，Jian Z ，Stary C ，Xiong X ... -  《-》

Clinical Trials Investigating Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Glioblastoma.

Maxwell R ，Jackson CM ，Lim M 《-》