Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Pathway for Single-Level Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Decreases Length of Stay and Opioid Consumption.
Opioid requirements in the perioperative period in patients undergoing lumbar spine fusion surgery remain problematic. Although minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques have been developed, there still remain substantial challenges to reducing length of hospital stay (LOS) because of postoperative opioid requirements.
To study the effect of implementing an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathway in patients undergoing a 1-level MIS transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS TLIF) at our institution.
We implemented an ERAS pathway in patients undergoing an elective single-level MIS TLIF for degenerative changes at a single institution. Consecutive patients were enrolled over a 20-mo period and compared with a pre-ERAS group prior to the implementation of the ERAS protocol. The primary outcome was LOS. Secondary outcomes included reduction in morphine milligram equivalent units (MME), pain scores, postoperative urinary retention (POUR), and incidence of postoperative delirium. Patients were compared using the chi-square and Welch's 2-sample t-tests.
A total of 299 patients were evaluated in this study: 87 in the ERAS group and 212 in the pre-ERAS group. In the ERAS group, there was a significant reduction in LOS (3.13 ± 1.53 vs 3.71 ± 2.07 d, P = .019), total admission MME (252.74 ± 317.38 vs 455.91 ± 498.78 MME, P = .001), and the number of patients with POUR (48.3% vs 65.6%, P = .008). There were no differences in pain scores.
This is the largest ERAS MIS fusion cohort published to date evaluating a single cohort of patients in a generalizable manner. This ERAS pathway has shown a substantial decrease in LOS and opioid requirements in the immediate perioperative and postoperative period. There is further work to be done to evaluate patients undergoing other complex spine surgical interventions.
Kerolus MG
，Yerneni K
，Witiw CD
，Shelton A
，Canar WJ
，Daily D
，Fontes RBV
，Deutsch H
，Fessler RG
，Buvanendran A
，O'Toole JE
... -
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Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) for open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a retrospective propensity-matched cohort study.
The enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol is a multidisciplinary, multimodal approach which has been shown to facilitate recovery of physiological function, and reduce postoperative pain, complication rates, and length of stay without adversely affecting readmission rates. Design and implementation of ERAS protocols in the recent spine surgery literature has primarily focused on patients undergoing minimally invasive lumbar surgery. However, conventional open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) remains a common procedure and to date there are no studies assessing an ERAS protocol in this patient population.
This study presents a single surgeon experience implementing an ERAS protocol in patients undergoing 1- or 2-level open TLIF.
Retrospective consecutive patient cohort with controls propensity-matched for age, body mass index, sex, and smoking status.
Consecutive patients that underwent 1- or 2-level open TLIF for degenerative disease from 12/2018 - 02/2021 and controls from 12/2011-12/2017 by a single surgeon. ERAS was implemented in December 2018.
Primary: length of stay; Secondary: first day to ambulate, first day to bowel movement, first day to void, daily average and maximum pain scores, opioid use, discharge disposition, 30-day readmission rate, and re-operations.
Demographic, perioperative, clinical, radiographic data were collected. Multivariate mixed-linear regression models were developed for length of stay, physiological function, pain scales, and opiate use.
There were 114 patients included with 57 in each cohort. After propensity matching, patient characteristics were similar between groups. Operative time decreased significantly after institution of ERAS (170±44 vs. 141±37 minutes, p <.0001) as did length of stay (4.6±1.7 vs. 3.6±1.6 days, p<.0001). First day of ambulation, bowel movement, and bladder voiding improved by 0.8 (p<.0001), 0.7 (p=.008), and 0.8 (p<.0001) days, respectively, in the ERAS cohort. Total daily intravenous morphine milligram equivalent (MME) (8±9 vs. 36±38, p<0.0001) and total 72-hour MME consumption (53±33 vs. 68±48, p<.0001) was significantly lower in the ERAS cohort; however, 72-hour MME consumption was not found to be significantly different in a sensitivity analysis controlling for preoperative MME. Average daily pain scores were similar between groups.
Consistent with other studies demonstrating benefit of an ERAS protocol for minimally invasive spine procedures, ERAS was associated with decreased operative time, reduced length of stay, decrease in IV opioid consumption, and improved physiological outcomes for open 1- and 2-level TLIF. ERAS can be a potentially effective strategy for improving patient outcome and efficiency of healthcare resources for common conventional spinal surgeries such as open TLIF.
Porche K
，Samra R
，Melnick K
，Brennan M
，Vaziri S
，Seubert C
，Polifka A
，Hoh DJ
，Mohamed B
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Establishment and Implementation of an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Pathway Tailored for Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery.
The concept of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) spread to different surgical specialties to minimize surgical stress response and to reduce length of hospital stay (LOS) and cost. Recently, several studies have reported experience with the ERAS program for spine surgery. The aim of this study is to introduce the establishment and implementation of the ERAS pathway for minimally invasive surgery (MIS) transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF).
A multidisciplinary ERAS team was created to develop and implement a multimodal and evidence-based ERAS protocol for patients undergoing MIS-TLIF at a single spine center from January 2018. Fourty four cases in the ERAS group were compared with a historical cohort of 30 cases (from January 2017 to December 2017) who underwent MIS-TLIF before the pathway implementation (pre-ERAS group). We reviewed the compliance with ERAS components. The primary outcome was LOS. The secondary outcomes included 30-day readmission rate, 30-day reoperation rate, and financial cost. Perioperative factors and perioperative complications were also assessed.
The protocol was composed of 11 ERAS components. The ERAS group showed high compliance with the ERAS program. The ERAS group manifested shorter LOS and lower cost compared with the the pre-ERAS group. There were no significant differences in complication rate, 30-day readmission and reoperation rates. Furthermore, the blood loss, operative time, intraoperative fluid infusion and postoperative drainage of the ERAS group decreased.
Our ERAS program tailored for MIS-TLIF is able to reduce LOS and cost with minimal complications. The ERAS pathway expedites recovery in patients undergoing lumbar spine fusion.
Feng C
，Zhang Y
，Chong F
，Yang M
，Liu C
，Liu L
，Huang C
，Huang C
，Feng X
，Wang X
，Chu T
，Zhou Y
，Huang B
... -
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Efficacy and Safety of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Protocols for Patients Undergoing Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) for lumbar degenerative disease (LDD).
Electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Clinical Trials.gov, etc. were searched from inception to October 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies (CSs) comparing ERAS program with traditional protocol of MIS-TLIF for LDD were included.
A total of 11 studies were included for final analysis. The pooled results of RCTs showed that compared with MIS-TLIF, the ERAS program used in MIS-TLIF could reduce the length of hospital stay, operation time, intraoperative blood loss and incidence of postoperative complications, decrease visual analog scale and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) score, and improve patient satisfaction (P < 0.05). However, the pooled results of CSs revealed no statistical difference in the ODI score, fusion rate, operation time, and incidence of complications between the two groups (P > 0.05).
Compared with MIS-TLIF, the ERAS program used in MIS-TLIF could effectively shorten the length of hospital stay, operation time, decrease intraoperative blood loss, and incidence of postoperative complications, promote postoperative pain relief, functional recovery, and patient satisfaction. This study confirmed the value of ERAS in MIS-TLIF surgery and provided evidence for the standardization of ERAS in the future. Considering that the pooled results of RCTs and CSs are not completely consistent, more high-quality studies are needed to confirm these conclusions.
Guo T
，Ding F
，Fu B
，Yang Z
，Yang Y
，Liu A
，Wang P
... -
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