Nanotechnology in agriculture: Opportunities, toxicological implications, and occupational risks.
Nanotechnology has the potential to make a beneficial impact on several agricultural, forestry, and environmental challenges, such as urbanization, energy constraints, and sustainable use of resources. However, new environmental and human health hazards may emerge from nano-enhanced applications. This raises concerns for agricultural workers who may become primarily exposed to such xenobiotics during their job tasks. The aim of this review is to discuss promising solutions that nanotechnology may provide in agricultural activities, with a specific focus on critical aspects, challenging issues, and research needs for occupational risk assessment and management in this emerging field. Eco-toxicological aspects were not the focus of the review. Nano-fertilizers, (nano-sized nutrients, nano-coated fertilizers, or engineered metal-oxide or carbon-based nanomaterials per se), and nano-pesticides, (nano-formulations of traditional active ingredients or inorganic nanomaterials), may provide a targeted/controlled release of agrochemicals, aimed to obtain their fullest biological efficacy without over-dosage. Nano-sensors and nano-remediation methods may detect and remove environmental contaminants. However, limited knowledge concerning nanomaterial biosafety, adverse effects, fate, and acquired biological reactivity once dispersed into the environment, requires further scientific efforts to assess possible nano-agricultural risks. In this perspective, toxicological research should be aimed to define nanomaterial hazards and levels of exposure along the life-cycle of nano-enabled products, and to assess those physico-chemical features affecting nanomaterial toxicity, possible interactions with agro-system co-formulants, and stressors. Overall, this review highlights the importance to define adequate risk management strategies for workers, occupational safety practices and policies, as well as to develop a responsible regulatory consensus on nanotechnology in agriculture.
Iavicoli I
，Leso V
，Beezhold DH
，Shvedova AA
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Facile synthesis of nanomaterials as nanofertilizers: a novel way for sustainable crop production.
Nutrient fertilization plays a major role in improving crop productivity and maintaining soil fertility. In the last few decades, the productivity of current agricultural practices highly depends on the use of chemical fertilizers. Major drawback of traditional fertilizers is their low crop nutrient use efficiency and high loss into water. Nanomaterial in agriculture is a multipurpose tool for increasing growth, development, and yield of plants. Nanotechnology facilitates the amplifying of agriculture production by reducing relevant losses and improving the input efficiency. Nanotechnology has emerged as an attractive field of research and has various agriculture applications, especially the use of nano-agrochemicals to increase nutrient use efficiency and agricultural yield. Nanofertilizers are more effective as compared to chemical fertilizers due to their cost-efficient, eco-friendly, non-toxic, and more stable in nature. Overall, this chapter focuses on synthesis of nanofertilizers through physical, chemical, and biological methods. This chapter will also explore the use of nano-enabled fertilizers to enhance the nutrient use efficiency for sustainable crop production, and global food safety.
Basit F
，Asghar S
，Ahmed T
，Ijaz U
，Noman M
，Hu J
，Liang X
，Guan Y
... -
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Nanotechnology future in food using carbohydrate macromolecules: A state-of-the-art review.
It is commonly known that agricultural pest and disease management is achieved through the use of agricultural chemicals and other synthetic compounds, which can contaminate water, soil, and food. Using agrochemicals indiscriminately has negative effects on the environment and poor food quality. In contrast, the world's population is increasing rapidly, and arable land is diminishing daily. Traditional agricultural methods must be replaced by nanotechnology-based treatments that efficiently address both the demands of the present and the needs of the future. As a promising contributor to sustainable agriculture and food production worldwide, nanotechnology has been applied through innovative and resourceful tools. Recent advances in nanomaterial engineering have increased agricultural and food sector production and protected crops using nanoparticles (1000 nm). Agrochemicals, nutrients, and genes can now be distributed to plants in a precise and tailored manner through nanoencapsulation (nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and genes). Despite the advancement of technology in agriculture, some areas remain unexplored. The various agricultural domains must therefore be updated in priority order. The development of long-lasting and efficient nanoparticle materials will be key to the development of future eco-friendly and nanoparticle-based technologies. We thoroughly covered the many types of nanoscale agro-materials and gave an overview of biological techniques in nano-enabled tactics that can effectively reduce plant biotic and abiotic challenges while potentially boosting plant nutritional values.
Wani MY
，Ganie NA
，Dar KA
，Dar SQ
，Khan AH
，Khan NA
，Zahmatkesh S
，Manzar MS
，Banerjee R
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Nanomaterials and nanotechnology for the delivery of agrochemicals: strategies towards sustainable agriculture.
Nanomaterials (NMs) have received considerable attention in the field of agrochemicals due to their special properties, such as small particle size, surface structure, solubility and chemical composition. The application of NMs and nanotechnology in agrochemicals dramatically overcomes the defects of conventional agrochemicals, including low bioavailability, easy photolysis, and organic solvent pollution, etc. In this review, we describe advances in the application of NMs in chemical pesticides and fertilizers, which are the two earliest and most researched areas of NMs in agrochemicals. Besides, this article concerns with the new applications of NMs in other agrochemicals, such as bio-pesticides, nucleic acid pesticides, plant growth regulators (PGRs), and pheromone. We also discuss challenges and the industrialization trend of NMs in the field of agrochemicals. Constructing nano-agrochemical delivery system via NMs and nanotechnology facilitates the improvement of the stability and dispersion of active ingredients, promotes the precise delivery of agrochemicals, reduces residual pollution and decreases labor cost in different application scenarios, which is potential to maintain the sustainability of agricultural systems and improve food security by increasing the efficacy of agricultural inputs.
An C
，Sun C
，Li N
，Huang B
，Jiang J
，Shen Y
，Wang C
，Zhao X
，Cui B
，Wang C
，Li X
，Zhan S
，Gao F
，Zeng Z
，Cui H
，Wang Y
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