Extracellular vesicles and cardiovascular system: Biomarkers and Cardioprotective Effectors.

In the last few decades extracellular vesicles (EVs), which include exosomes and microvesicles, have attracted significant interest in cardiovascular pathophysiology due to their intrinsic properties. Indeed, EVs by transferring their cargo, which contains miRNA, DNA, proteins and lipids, were found effective in preventive and regenerative medicine and in protecting the heart against an array of pathological conditions, including myocardial infarction and arrhythmias. EVs can attenuate cellular senescence, inflammation and myocardial injury. Cardiovascular structures may be targeted by circulating EVs derived by extra-cardiac cells and platelets, as well by EVs locally released from all major cardiovascular cell types, including endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts. Yet, EVs of cardiovascular origin can be also transferred to distant tissues by circulation. Therefore, EVs have been proposed not only as promising diagnostic tools (early disease biomarkers), but also as therapeutics. This review focuses on the protective effects exerted by EVs, released by different cell types in the cardiovascular system. Physical exercise is considered as a natural mechanism of EV production involved in preventive medicine. Particular attention will be devoted to describe the impact of EVs in cardioprotection after ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Femminò S ，Penna C ，Margarita S ，Comità S ，Brizzi MF ，Pagliaro P ... -  《-》

Extracellular vesicle interplay in cardiovascular pathophysiology.

Saheera S ，Jani VP ，Witwer KW ，Kutty S ... -  《-》

Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Pathophysiology: Communications, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Potential.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are diverse, membrane-bound vesicles released from cells into the extracellular environment. They originate from either endosomes or the cell membrane and typically include exosomes and microvesicles. These EVs serve as crucial mediators of intercellular communication, carrying a variety of contents such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, which regulate the physiological and pathological processes of target cells. Moreover, the molecular cargo of EVs can reflect critical information about the originating cells, making them potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. Over the past decade, the role of EVs as key communicators between cell types in cardiovascular physiology and pathology has gained increasing recognition. EVs from different cellular sources, or from the same source under different cellular conditions, can have distinct impacts on the management, diagnosis, and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, it is essential to consider the influence of cardiovascular-derived EVs on the metabolism of peripheral organs. This review aims to summarize recent advancements in the field of cardiovascular research with respect to the roles and implications of EVs. Our goal is to provide new insights and directions for the early prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, with an emphasis on the therapeutic potential and diagnostic value of EVs.

Cui Z ，Zhang L ，Hu G ，Zhang F ... -  《-》

Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Theranostics.

Bei Y ，Das S ，Rodosthenous RS ，Holvoet P ，Vanhaverbeke M ，Monteiro MC ，Monteiro VVS ，Radosinska J ，Bartekova M ，Jansen F ，Li Q ，Rajasingh J ，Xiao J ... -  《Theranostics》

Circulating Extracellular Vesicles As Biomarkers and Drug Delivery Vehicles in Cardiovascular Diseases.

de Freitas RCC ，Hirata RDC ，Hirata MH ，Aikawa E ... -  《Biomolecules》