Aromatic, olfactometric and consumer description of sweet ciders obtained by cryo-extraction.

Nine ciders obtained by cryo-extraction were analysed for chemical, olfactometric and sensory characteristics. Three types of ice apple juices and three autochthonous yeast strains were evaluated. The quantitative volatile profile is mainly influenced by the apple juice. Regarding the olfactometric profiles of the ice ciders, 23 odorants not previously found in Spanish still ciders, and described as sweet, spicy, fruity and floral were observed. Among these, it is worth mentioning 5 high-boiling point compounds found in an olfactometric zone where heavy, phenolic odours predominate in still ciders. The sensory descriptions obtained by Check-All-That-Apply classified the ice ciders mainly by their sweet taste and smoothness, these attributes being the most influential in the assessment of the overall quality of the ciders. The most highly valued ciders were described as the sweetest, most fruity ones, in agreement with their having the highest values for the ratio between total sugars and total acidity.

Picinelli Lobo A ，Pando Bedriñana R ，Rodríguez Madrera R ，Suárez Valles B ... -  《-》

Characteristics of ice juices and ciders made by cryo-extraction with different cider apple varieties and yeast strains.

Two sets of nine ciders were made by cryo-extraction for two consecutive harvests combining three types of ice cider apple juices (mono-varietal, bi-varietal and multi-varietal) and three autochthonous Saccharomyces bayanus yeast strains. The type of juice significantly influenced the pH values and the contents of sorbitol and shikimic acid in the ice juices. The strains used as starters did develop the fermentation producing ciders with alcoholic degrees between 8.75 and 11.52 (% v/v) and volatile acidities lower than 0.55 g acetic acid/L. Regarding the ice ciders, the apple mixture significantly influenced the levels of methanol (higher in mono-varietal ciders), 2-phenylethanol, and some minor acetate esters (higher in the bi-varietal ciders). The last ciders were also more floral, buttery, acidic and bitter than those made from mono- and multi-varietal juices. In the first harvest, the ciders obtained from the bi-varietal apple mixture scored lower for overall sensory quality.

Pando Bedriñana R ，Picinelli Lobo A ，Rodríguez Madrera R ，Suárez Valles B ... -  《-》

Assessment of chemical composition and sensorial properties of ciders fermented with different non-Saccharomyces yeasts in pure and mixed fermentations.

This work presents the attempt to enhance the flavor complexity of cider fermented by different non-Saccharomyces species. Pichia kluyveri and Hanseniaspora vineae pure cultures were used as reference ciders. Mixed cultures between all 4 species gave 5 fermentations, where Hanseniaspora uvarum or Torulaspora quercuum were included for apple juice fermentation. Chemical composition and sensorial properties of all ciders were studied. The results indicated that the growth of P. kluyveri and H. vineae were interreacted and also affected by H. uvarum and T. quercuum. H. vineae was more capable of consuming sugar than P. kluyveri. Ciders from the single culture fermentation with P. kluyveri (Pk), as well as from mixed fermentation with P. kluyveri and H. uvarum (Pk-Hu), had high residual sugar, sugar/acid ratio, and glucose-fructose consumption ratio. Large shifts in the consumption and production of organic acids and polyphenols among all ciders were observed. The calculation of the relative odor activity value (rOAV) showed that 17 volatile compounds had an rOAV >1 in at least one sample, and acetate esters and ethyl esters were the groups with the highest number of volatile compounds of importance to the cider aroma. Among these 17 compounds, 3-methylbutyl acetate, 2-methylbutyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, and β-damascenone exhibited high rOAVs in some ciders and might contribute fruity, floral, and sweet features to the cider aroma. Besides, the tropical fruity aroma from 3-methylbutyl acetate was only perceived in Pk and Pk-Hu. The partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis revealed that acetate esters contributed positively to the roasted and cooked odor of all ciders. This is the first study evaluating simultaneous fermentation of two non-Saccharomyces yeasts to produce cider, which provides new insights into cider production.

Wei J ，Zhang Y ，Wang Y ，Ju H ，Niu C ，Song Z ，Yuan Y ，Yue T ... -  《-》

Influence of the method of obtaining freeze-enriched juices and year of harvest on the chemical and sensory characteristics of Asturian ice ciders.

Ice cider is a special product made from apple juices enriched by freezing. In this paper, the method of obtaining the ice juices (cryo-extraction and exhaustion) and the year of harvest have been evaluated. For this purpose, a controlled raw apple mixture and an autochthonous Saccharomyces bayanus strain were used throughout the study. Both the enrichment system and the year of harvest significantly influenced the levels of total phenols, sucrose, malic acid, ethyl acetate and 2-phenylethanol. The ciders made by cryo-extraction presented the higher sugar/acidity and sugar/polyphenol ratios. These ciders were more fruity, less astringent and scored better for quality than those obtained by exhaustion. Additionally, a preliminary assay of juice enrichment by cryo-concentration is described. The corresponding ciders presented higher methanol and lower 2-phenylethanol contents than those obtained by the cryo-extraction and exhaustion methods.

Pando Bedriñana R ，Picinelli Lobo A ，Suárez Valles B 《-》

Flavor profiling of apple ciders from the UK and Scandinavian region.

The aim of this study was to characterize the flavor profiles of 14 commercial apple ciders from the United Kingdom and Scandinavian region. The flavor properties were established by sensory profiling and analysis of volatile and non-volatile components, including titratable acidity, pH, residual sugars and organic acids. A total of 72 volatile compounds were identified in the 14 apple ciders using dynamic headspace sampling (DHS) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The main volatile compounds found in apple ciders were esters and higher alcohols, followed by aldehydes and fatty acids. Sensory characterizations of the aroma and taste of apple ciders were carried out by a trained sensory panel using descriptive analysis with 23 sensory attributes. The attributes apple, cooked apple, yeasty, sweet and sour were the most predominant sensory descriptors used to describe the similarities and differences in the samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that floral and fruity (fresh apple, banana and pear) odors were highly associated with sweet taste and opposed to the more complex aroma attributes (yeasty, lactic, chemical, mouldy, black pepper and earthy) and sour taste. Most of the UK apple ciders were characterized by these complex odors and taste notes sour, astringent and bitter, whereas ciders from the Scandinavian region had diverse sensory profiles. Partial least squares regression (PLS) based on the sensory and chemical data was able to cluster the ciders according to differences in production methods (oak-aged or spontaneous fermentation; controlled malolactic fermentation; industrial production with flavor modifications). Moreover, this study also suggested that ciders with marked levels of acetate esters were characterized by cooked/fresh apple, citrus and tropical fruit odors.

Qin Z ，Petersen MA ，Bredie WLP 《-》