Adult mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes: Sources, characteristics, and application in regenerative medicine.

Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have become a hot topic in the development of cell therapies and bioengineering. All kinds of MSCs are genomic stable and have the self-renewal ability. Main sources of MSCs are bone marrow, adipose tissues, umbilical cord and placental tissues. MSCs can be cultured in many undifferentiated passages to grow into more specialized cells, produce secretory factors and also support trophic functions in the body. Exosomes, derived from MSCs also have great potential in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Exosomes are secreted by MSCs and have the same therapeutic potential as their parent cells. MSCs and their exosomes combined with biomaterials can also be more effective in promoting the regeneration of tissues and organs. However, for use of MSCs-exosomes as a clinical agent different MSCs-exosomes have been manufactured and their therapeutics effects demonstrated in clinical studies. But there are still many characteristics which are unknown and many barriers still need to be conquered. In this review, we not only highlighted the characteristics of human MSCs and their exosomes, but also provided their latest therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine.

Maqsood M ，Kang M ，Wu X ，Chen J ，Teng L ，Qiu L ... -  《-》

Mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Tae SK ，Lee SH ，Park JS ，Im GI ... -  《-》

Characterization and therapeutic applications of mesenchymal stem cells for regenerative medicine.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent, genomic stable, self-renewable, and culturally expandable adult stem cells. MSCs facilitate tissue development, maintenance and repair, and produce secretory factors that support engraftment and trophic functions, marking them an attractive option in cell therapy, regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. In this review, we summarize the recent researches regarding the isolation and characterization of MSCs, therapeutic applications and advanced engineering techniques. We also discuss the advantages and limitations that remain to be overcome for MSCs based therapy. It has been demonstrated that MSCs are able to modulate endogenous tissue and immune cells. Preclinical studies and early phase clinical trials have shown their great potential for tissue engineering of bone, cartilage, marrow stroma, muscle, fat, and other connective tissues. MSC-based therapy show considerable promise to rebuild damaged or diseased tissues, which could be a promising therapeutic method for regeneration medicine.

Wang J ，Chen Z ，Sun M ，Xu H ，Gao Y ，Liu J ，Li M ... -  《-》

A Systemic Review of Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sources and their Multilineage Differentiation Potential Relevant to Musculoskeletal Tissue Repair and Regeneration.

Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were first isolated from bone marrow by Friedenstein in 1976. These cells were clonogenic, non-haematopoietic, and able to replicate extensively in vitro. The fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering have grown dramatically since their inception. In the decades since, MSCs have been identified from mesoderm-, endoderm- and ectoderm-derived tissues. In light of our ageing population, the need for effective cell-based therapies for tissue repair and regeneration is ever-expanding. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarise evidence from the most recent studies outlining different sources of adult MSCs and their suitability in musculoskeletal applications. Online published articles were searched for using the PubMed/MEDLINE and Ovid databases, and relevant articles fulfilling the pre-defined eligibility criteria were analysed. To date, MSCs have been isolated from a number of adult tissues, including trabecular bone, adipose tissue, bone marrow, synovium, dermis, periodontal ligament, dental pulp, bursa and the umbilical cord. Bone marrow MSCs are currently considered the gold standard, with which newly discovered sources are compared on the basis of their renewal capabilities and multipotency. Furthermore, MSCs have been successful in the regeneration of osteonecrosis, osteoarthritis, bony defects, fracture remodeling and so on. Unfortunately, significant hurdles remain and will need to be overcome before tissue engineering using MSCs becomes routine in clinical practice. Thus, further research and understanding are required into the safe and effective sourcing and application of mesenchymal stem cells in musculoskeletal applications.

Nancarrow-Lei R ，Mafi P ，Mafi R ，Khan W ... -  《-》

Recent Advances in Endocrine, Metabolic and Immune Disorders: Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and Engineered Scaffolds.

New sources of stem cells in adult organisms are constantly emerging. Postnatal Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), are the most promising support to perform an effective regenerative medicine: such cells have the ability to differentiate into several lineages, such as osteoblasts and chondroblasts, providing novel strategies to improve different complex treatments, during bone regeneration. 3D-printed biomaterials can be designed with geometry aimed to induce stem cells to differentiate towards specific lineage. The interaction between stem cells easy to isolate and engineered 3D-printed scaffolds can translate the tissue bio-engineering into bone regenerative surgery. For those reasons, to better identify the complexity represented by the activities and responses of MSCs requires the advance of new target therapies which are not current in endocrine, metabolic and immune disorders and yet to be developed. This topical review briefly focuses on the new approaches of translational medicine with the use of MSCs and scaffolds engineered with the aid of 3D-printing technology, highlights the osteogenic functions and addresses their applications across the breadth of regenerative medicine. The application of bone constructs consisting of the engineered scaffold and MSCs as well as the aspects related to the optimal scaffold geometry that favours the best MSCs differentiation and the improvement of concepts as "sensing surface" were also discussed. Regenerative surgery is largely growing in the field of translational medicine. The use of new sources of MSCs and the improvement of new concepts of bio-engineered scaffolds will certainly be the next step of customized medicine.

Cantore S ，Crincoli V ，Boccaccio A ，Uva AE ，Fiorentino M ，Monno G ，Bollero P ，Derla C ，Fabiano F ，Ballini A ，Santacroce L ... -  《-》