Prevalence and associated factors of undernutrition among under-five children from model and non-model households in east Gojjam zone, Northwest Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study.

Developing countries, undernutrition remains significant public health attention, as it was a combined consequence of poor dietary consumption and recurrent infectious illness especially in countries same Ethiopia. Undernutrition is associated with morbidity and mortality among children. This study, therefore, was conducted to assess the prevalence and associated factors of undernutrition among under-five children from the model and non-model households at Eastern Gojjam administrative Zone, northwest Ethiopia. A community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st July 2015 to 30th August 2015 in East Gojjam Zone among 507 households (170 from model-household and 337 from non-model household) selected using a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using questionnaire and nutritional anthropometric measurement. The Emergency Nutrition Assessment for Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transition was used to convert raw anthropometric data into Z-scores. The collected data were entered into EpiData, and analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. The Emergency Nutrition Assessment for Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transition was used to convert raw anthropometric data into Z scores. Descriptive statistics were used to report the prevalence of outcome variable, undernutrition (intermesh of underweight, stunting, and wasting). In addition, results were presented using narration, tables, and figures including frequency and percentage. Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with its 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was computed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were done. A p-value less than 0.05 of was considered to declare a result as statistically significant. This study found that the prevalence of undernutrition explained by stunting (height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) < - 2), underweight (weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ) < - 2) and wasting (weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) < - 2) were 44.7% [95%CI 41.11, 48.29%]c, 15.3% [95%CI: 12.17, 18.43%] and 10% [95% CI 8.0, 12.0%], and 52.5% [95% CI: 48.62, 56.98%], 24.3% [95% CI: 20.22, 28.38%] and 11.3% [95% CI: 8.45, 14.15%] in under-five children among model household and non-model respectively. Protected water (AOR = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.18) and less than three times daily intake of food (AOR = 4.06, 95% CI: 1.53, 10.82) were predictors for undernutrition among under-five model household. Protected source of drinking water (AOR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.13), households that ever-had education on complementary feeding (AOR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.25) and starting complementary feeding on 6 month after birth (AOR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.25) were significant predictors for under-five undernutrition among non-model households. The prevalence of undernutrition explained by stunting, underweight and wasting among under-five children in both model and non-model households were high. The prevalence of all the three parameters (stunting, underweight and wasting) was higher among the non-model households compared to the models, even if the differences were not statistically significant. Use of an unprotected source of drinking water and less than three times daily intake of food were found to be associated with undernutrition among under-five children in the model households. On the other hand, having educational exposure on complementary feeding, using drinking water from protected sources and initiation of complementary feedings at age of 6 months were found to be associated with undernutrition among children in the non-model households. Therefore, the concerned bodies must access safe and adequate water supply, works on information dissemination using mass media on timely initiation of complementary feeding, save water and on meal frequency should be strengthened.

Zeray A ，Kibret GD ，Leshargie CT 《-》

The prevalence and associated factors of undernutrition among under-five children in South Sudan using the standardized monitoring and assessment of relief and transitions (SMART) methodology.

Kiarie J ，Karanja S ，Busiri J ，Mukami D ，Kiilu C ... -  《-》

Prevalence of undernutrition and associated factors among children aged 6-23 months: a cross-sectional analysis from South-East Ethiopia.

Ararsa GG ，Getachew MT ，Diddana TZ ，Alemayehu FR ... -  《-》

Wasting in under five children is significantly varied between rice producing and non-producing households of Libokemkem district, Amhara region, Ethiopia.

Motbainor A ，Taye A 《BMC Pediatrics》

Factors associated with undernutrition among children aged between 6-36 months in Semien Bench district, Ethiopia.

Malnutrition is a term used to refer a condition of both excessive and under-nutrition. Even in the 21st c, it is yet among the major public health challenges that affect the health, growth, and development of millions of children across continents. Studies show that malnutrition during early childhood could result in devastating long-term effects such as poor school performance, weak immune system, and growth and development. Unfortunately, Ethiopia is among the developing countries hard hit by the problem of malnutrition (under-nutrition). To assess the magnitude of stunting, wasting, and underweight and risk factors associated with them; among Children aged between 6- 36 months. A community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted on 700 study participants from April to May 2020. Nutritional status of children aged between 6-36 months was determined based on the WHO reference population with Z score ≤ -2 SD (HAZ, WHZ and WAZ) was looked upon for stunting, wasting and underweight accordingly. Data were collected through structured and measuring anthropometric of the eligible sample unit. The questionnaire data were first entered into Epi-data and later analyzed following binary and multiple logistic regression analysis procedures with the help of IBM SPSS 26. Adjusted odds ratios, with 95% CI of the association and statistical significance declared at P-values ≤ 0.05 in this study. In the present study, the response rate of the respondent was 100%. Factors significantly associated with undernutrition: stunting, Mothers who have no formal education (AOR = 2.58, 95% CI; 1.44-4.63), food insecure (AOR = 1.9, 95% CI; 1.23-2.9) and children had no feeding plate (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI; 1.07-2.19). have not individual feeding plate (AOR = 2.39, 95% CI; 1.42-4.03), poor dietary diversity (AOR = 1.82, 95% CI; 1.23-2.69) and food insecurity (AOR = 4.24, 95% CI; 2.68-6.71).We have also identified age between 6-11 months (AOR = 6.81, 95% CI; 2.93-15.79), 12-23 months (AOR = 2.28, 95% CI; 1.03-5.06), food insecure (AOR = 10.34, 95% CI; 5.22-20.45) and poor dietary diversity (AOR = 5.58, 95% CI; 2.36-13.19) as risk factors associated with wasting. This study relived that six variables significantly associate with undernutrition. These are: children have not his/her own feeding plate, household food insecurity, mother who had no formal education, poor dietary diversity and children aged between 6-11months and children age 6-23 months. Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made. First, strategies and programs targeted towards the reduction and prevention of undernutrition among 6-36-month children should be made at all level to improve childhood nutritional status. Second, provide health information to families regarding the importance of separating children's feeding plate. Three, provide nutritional counselling about feeding practice and dietary diversity for mothers who have no formal education.

Fufa DA ，Laloto TD 《Heliyon》